Anderson Lloyd L, Jeftinija Srdija, Scanes Colin G
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004 Apr;229(4):291-302. doi: 10.1177/153537020422900403.
Growth hormone (GH) release is under the direct control of hypothalamic releasing hormones, some being also produced peripherally. The role of these hypothalamic factors has been understood by in vitro studies together with such in vivo approaches as stalk sectioning. Secretion of GH is stimulated by GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and ghrelin (acting via the GH secretagogue [GHS] receptor [GHSR]), and inhibited by somatostatin (SRIF). Other peptides/proteins influence GH secretion, at least in some species. The cellular mechanism by which the releasing hormones affect GH secretion from the somatotrope requires specific signal transduction systems (cAMP and/or calcium influx and/or mobilization of intracellular calcium) and/ or tyrosine kinase(s) and/or nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP. At the subcellular level, GH release (at least in response to GHS) is accomplished by the following. The GH-containing secretory granules are moved close to the cell surface. There is then transient fusion of the secretory granules with the fusion pores in the multiple secretory pits in the somatotrope cell surface.
生长激素（GH）的释放受下丘脑释放激素的直接控制，其中一些激素也在外周产生。通过体外研究以及诸如切断垂体柄等体内方法，人们已经了解了这些下丘脑因子的作用。生长激素释放激素（GHRH）和胃饥饿素（通过生长激素促分泌素[GHS]受体[GHSR]起作用）刺激GH分泌，而生长抑素（SRIF）则抑制其分泌。其他肽/蛋白质至少在某些物种中影响GH分泌。释放激素影响生长激素细胞分泌GH的细胞机制需要特定的信号转导系统（环磷酸腺苷和/或钙内流和/或细胞内钙动员）和/或酪氨酸激酶和/或一氧化氮（NO）/环磷酸鸟苷（cGMP）。在亚细胞水平上，GH的释放（至少对GHS的反应）如下完成。含有GH的分泌颗粒被移动到靠近细胞表面的位置。然后，分泌颗粒与生长激素细胞表面多个分泌小凹中的融合孔发生瞬时融合。
