Pomerleau C S, Pomerleau O F, Flessland K A, Basson S M
University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor 48105.
J Subst Abuse. 1992;4(2):143-54. doi: 10.1016/0899-3289(92)90014-o.
The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) was developed by Cloninger (1986) to measure heritable variation in three patterns of response to environmental stimuli: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence. Cloninger (1987) used the TPQ to identify two types of alcoholism: Type 1 (low novelty seeking, high harm avoidance and reward dependence; both male and female) and Type 2 (high novelty seeking, low harm avoidance and reward dependence; predominantly male). To determine whether characteristic patterns exist in smokers, we administered the TPQ to 119 female and 121 male smokers, along with the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ, a measure of nicotine dependence), the Russell Motives for Smoking Questionnaire (RMSQ), and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI/trait). Compared with a normative sample, our sample exhibited elevated scores on the Novelty-Seeking scale; female smokers were somewhat overrepresented in the highest quartile of the Harm-Avoidance scale; both genders tended to be clustered in the lower quartiles of the Sentimentality-Attachment-Dependence subscale of the Reward-Dependence scale and in the highest quartile of the Persistence subscale. Female smokers showed a significant positive association between Harm Avoidance and FTQ scores, and Harm Avoidance was positively correlated with several RMSQ factors (including Additive smoking) in both genders. These findings suggest that the likelihood of becoming a smoker may be a function of novelty seeking and reward dependence, whereas degree of dependence or addiction once the habit is entrained may be linked to harm avoidance. Our observations establish the potential utility of the TPQ as a tool for examining environmental and heritable variation in smoking behavior and may contribute to improved strategies for prevention and treatment of smoking.
三维人格问卷（TPQ）由克隆宁格（1986年）编制，用于测量对环境刺激的三种反应模式中的遗传变异：寻求新奇、避免伤害和奖赏依赖。克隆宁格（1987年）使用TPQ识别出两种酒精中毒类型：1型（低寻求新奇、高避免伤害和奖赏依赖；男女皆有）和2型（高寻求新奇、低避免伤害和奖赏依赖；主要为男性）。为了确定吸烟者中是否存在特征模式，我们对119名女性吸烟者和121名男性吸烟者施测了TPQ，同时还施测了法格斯特龙耐受问卷（FTQ，一种尼古丁依赖测量工具）、罗素吸烟动机问卷（RMSQ）以及斯皮尔伯格状态-特质焦虑量表（STAI/特质）。与常模样本相比，我们的样本在寻求新奇量表上得分升高；女性吸烟者在避免伤害量表的最高四分位数中所占比例略高；男女在奖赏依赖量表的多愁善感-依恋-依赖子量表的较低四分位数以及坚持子量表的最高四分位数中都趋于聚集。女性吸烟者的避免伤害与FTQ得分之间存在显著正相关，并且在男女中避免伤害与几个RMSQ因素（包括增加吸烟量）都呈正相关。这些发现表明，成为吸烟者的可能性可能是寻求新奇和奖赏依赖的函数，而一旦养成吸烟习惯，依赖或成瘾的程度可能与避免伤害有关。我们的观察结果证实了TPQ作为一种工具在研究吸烟行为中的环境和遗传变异方面的潜在效用，并可能有助于改进吸烟的预防和治疗策略。
