Assessment of angiogenesis: implications for ultrasound imaging.

In this paper, the fundamentals of tumor angiogenesis and the implications for ultrasound imaging will be described. Twenty-eight athymic nude mice were implanted with the human melanoma cell lines DB-1 or MW-9 (14 mice/group). Ultrasound contrast agents were injected in the tail veins. Power Doppler and pulse inversion harmonic imaging (PI-HI) was performed (in real time and intermittently). Ultrasound results were compared to immunohistochemical stains for endothelial cells (CD31), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Linear regression analysis indicated statistically significant correlations between percent area stained with COX-2 and with VEGF relative to power Doppler (p<0.05) and intermittent PI-HI (p<0.05) measures of tumor neovascularity in the MW-9 and the DB-1 mice, respectively. Preliminary results from a human trial of the anti-angiogenic drug Angiostatin (Entremed, Rockville, MD) showed tumor volumes increased in two patients, while the vascularity remained virtually unchanged. Conversely, in three patients with diminished tumor volumes vascularity increased by 38%. In conclusion, contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging of tumor neovascularity may provide noninvasive markers of angiogenesis and may become a useful tool for monitoring anti-angiogenic therapies in vivo.