Pozio Edoardo
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Acta Microbiol Pol. 2003;52 Suppl:83-96.
More than 72 species of protozoan and helminth parasites can reach humans by food and water, and most of these infections are zoonoses. Some parasites show a cosmopolitan distribution, others a more restricted distribution due to their complex life cycles, which need the presence of one or more intermediate hosts. Of this large number of pathogens, only Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted to humans by two different ways, i.e., by cysts present in infected meat and by oocysts contaminating food and water. Eleven helminthic species (Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, Trichinella spiralis, Tr. nativa, Tr. britovi, Tr. pseudospiralis, Tr. murrelli, Tr nelsoni, Tr. papuae and Tr. zimbabwensis) can grow in meat of different animal species and can be transmitted to humans by the consumption of raw meat or meat products. Twenty trematode species, four cestode species and seven nematode species can infect humans through the consumption of raw sea- and/or fresh-water food (fishes, molluscs, frogs, tadpoles, camarons, crayfishes). Six species of Cryptosporidium, Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar can contaminate food and water. Among the helminths, seven trematode species, seven cestode species and five species of nematodes can reach humans by contaminated food and water. Diagnostic and detection methods that can be carried out routinely on food and water samples are available only for few parasites (Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia sp., Anisakidae, Trichinella sp., Taenia sp.), i.e., for parasites which represent a risk to human populations living in industrialised countries. The majority of food and waterborne infections of parasitic origin are related to poverty, low sanitation, and old food habits.
超过72种原生动物和蠕虫寄生虫可通过食物和水感染人类，其中大多数感染为人畜共患病。一些寄生虫分布广泛，而另一些由于其复杂的生命周期，需要一个或多个中间宿主的存在，因而分布范围较窄。在这大量的病原体中，只有弓形虫可通过两种不同方式传播给人类，即通过受感染肉类中的包囊以及污染食物和水的卵囊。11种蠕虫（牛带绦虫、猪带绦虫、亚洲带绦虫、旋毛虫、本地旋毛虫、布氏旋毛虫、伪旋毛虫、莫氏旋毛虫、纳氏旋毛虫、巴布亚旋毛虫和津巴布韦旋毛虫）可在不同动物的肉类中生长，并可通过食用生肉或肉制品传播给人类。20种吸虫、4种绦虫和7种线虫可通过食用生的海水和/或淡水食物（鱼类、软体动物、青蛙、蝌蚪、虾、小龙虾）感染人类。隐孢子虫属的6个种、贝氏等孢球虫、卡耶塔环孢子球虫、十二指肠贾第虫和溶组织内阿米巴/迪氏内阿米巴可污染食物和水。在蠕虫中，7种吸虫、7种绦虫和5种线虫可通过受污染的食物和水感染人类。仅对少数寄生虫（隐孢子虫属、贾第虫属、异尖科、旋毛虫属、带绦虫属）有可对食物和水样进行常规检测的诊断和检测方法，即针对那些对生活在工业化国家的人群构成风险的寄生虫。大多数食源性和水源性寄生虫感染与贫困、卫生条件差和陈旧的饮食习惯有关。
