Elbert Thomas, Rockstroh Brigitte
University of Konstanz, Germany.
Neuroscientist. 2004 Apr;10(2):129-41. doi: 10.1177/1073858403262111.
Animal and human research over the past decades have increasingly detailed the brain's capacity for reorganization of neural network architecture to adapt to environmental needs. In this article, the authors outline the range of reorganization of human representational cortex, encompassing 1) reconstruction in concurrence with enhanced behaviorally relevant afferent activity (examples include skilled musicians and blind Braille readers); 2) injury-related response dynamics as, for instance, driven by loss of input (examples include stroke, amputation, or in blind individuals); and 3) maladaptive reorganization pushed by the interaction between neuroplastic processes and aberrant environmental requirements (examples include synchronicity of input nurturing focal hand dystonia). These types of neuroplasticity have consequences for both understanding pathological dynamics and therapeutic options. This will be illustrated in examples of motor and language rehabilitation after stroke, the treatment of focal hand dystonia, and concomitants of injury-related reorganization such as phantom limb pain.
在过去几十年中，动物和人体研究越来越详细地揭示了大脑神经网络结构为适应环境需求而进行重组的能力。在本文中，作者概述了人类表征皮层的重组范围，包括：1）与行为相关的传入活动增强同时发生的重建（例如熟练的音乐家和盲人盲文读者）；2）损伤相关的反应动态，例如由输入丧失驱动（例如中风、截肢或盲人）；3）神经可塑性过程与异常环境需求之间的相互作用推动的适应不良性重组（例如滋养局灶性手部肌张力障碍的输入同步性）。这些类型的神经可塑性对理解病理动态和治疗选择都有影响。这将在中风后运动和语言康复、局灶性手部肌张力障碍的治疗以及损伤相关重组的伴随症状（如幻肢痛）的例子中得到说明。
