Grubman Marvin J, Baxt Barry
Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, North Atlantic Area, Greenport, New York 11944, USA.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004 Apr;17(2):465-93. doi: 10.1128/CMR.17.2.465-493.2004.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen identified as a virus. Recent FMD outbreaks in developed countries and their significant economic impact have increased the concern of governments worldwide. This review describes the reemergence of FMD in developed countries that had been disease free for many years and the effect that this has had on disease control strategies. The etiologic agent, FMD virus (FMDV), a member of the Picornaviridae family, is examined in detail at the genetic, structural, and biochemical levels and in terms of its antigenic diversity. The virus replication cycle, including virus-receptor interactions as well as unique aspects of virus translation and shutoff of host macromolecular synthesis, is discussed. This information has been the basis for the development of improved protocols to rapidly identify disease outbreaks, to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals, and to begin to identify and test novel vaccine candidates. Furthermore, this knowledge, coupled with the ability to manipulate FMDV genomes at the molecular level, has provided the framework for examination of disease pathogenesis and the development of a more complete understanding of the virus and host factors involved.
口蹄疫（FMD）是偶蹄类动物的一种高度传染性疾病。该病最初于16世纪被描述，是首个被鉴定为病毒的动物病原体。发达国家近期爆发的口蹄疫及其重大经济影响，增加了全球各国政府的担忧。本综述描述了口蹄疫在已多年无该病的发达国家的再度出现，以及这对口蹄疫控制策略产生的影响。对口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）这一病原体进行了详细研究，它属于小核糖核酸病毒科，在基因、结构和生化水平以及抗原多样性方面都进行了考察。文中还讨论了病毒复制周期，包括病毒与受体的相互作用以及病毒翻译和宿主大分子合成关闭的独特方面。这些信息构成了改进方案的基础，这些方案用于快速识别疾病爆发、区分接种疫苗的动物和感染动物，以及开始鉴定和测试新型候选疫苗。此外，这些知识，再加上在分子水平上操纵口蹄疫病毒基因组的能力，为研究疾病发病机制以及更全面地理解病毒和宿主相关因素提供了框架。
