Kaur S, Nieuwenhuijsen M J, Ferrier H, Steer P
Imperial College London, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Technology, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
Occup Environ Med. 2004 May;61(5):454-60. doi: 10.1136/oem.2003.007351.
Evidence for an association between exposure of pregnant women to chlorination disinfection by-products and adverse birth outcomes is inconsistent and inconclusive.
To evaluate the use of a questionnaire in a population of pregnant women to assess their exposure to water, examine the validity of the questionnaire by a seven day diary, and to obtain a better understanding of the exposure of pregnant women to water in Central London.
A total of 147 pregnant women were asked to complete a questionnaire. Information was requested on their exposure to water from cooking and washing up, showering and bathing, food and drink, and swimming. Demographic and socioeconomic information were also recorded. For validation purposes, women were asked to complete a seven day diary at home.
The average exposure duration was 338.5 min/week for cooking and washing up, 172.2 min/week for bathing and showering, and 67.9 min/month for swimming. The total fluid intake was 18.9 l/week of which, on average, 18% was cold tap water; 30% of this tap water was consumed outside the home. The correlation between questionnaire and diary data was generally good to very good, although women tended to overestimate their exposure in the questionnaire compared to the diary.
Information was obtained on the daily exposure of pregnant women in Central London to chlorinated water at home, work, and elsewhere. The questionnaire was found to be a valid method to assess the exposure of pregnant women to water and the response rate was higher than for diaries.
孕妇接触氯化消毒副产物与不良出生结局之间关联的证据并不一致且尚无定论。
评估在孕妇群体中使用问卷来评估她们的水接触情况，通过七天日记检验问卷的有效性，并更好地了解伦敦市中心孕妇的水接触情况。
共邀请147名孕妇填写问卷。询问了她们在烹饪、洗碗、淋浴、盆浴、饮食及游泳方面的水接触信息。还记录了人口统计学和社会经济信息。为进行验证，要求女性在家中填写七天日记。
烹饪和洗碗的平均接触时长为每周338.5分钟，盆浴和淋浴为每周172.2分钟，游泳为每月67.9分钟。总液体摄入量为每周18.9升，其中平均18%为冷自来水；这些自来水中30%是在家外饮用的。问卷数据与日记数据之间的相关性总体良好至极优，不过与日记相比，女性在问卷中往往高估了自己的接触情况。
获取了伦敦市中心孕妇在家庭、工作场所及其他地方每日接触氯化水的信息。发现问卷是评估孕妇水接触情况的有效方法，且应答率高于日记。
