Tesseraux Irene
UMEG (Umweltmessungen, Umwelterhebungen und Gerätesicherheit), Grossoberfeld 3, D-76135 Karlsruhe, Germany.
Toxicol Lett. 2004 Apr 1;149(1-3):295-300. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.12.040.
Air travel is increasing and airports are being newly built or enlarged. Concern is rising about the exposure to toxic combustion products in the population living in the vicinity of large airports. Jet fuels are well characterized regarding their physical and chemical properties. Health effects of fuel vapors and liquid fuel are described after occupational exposure and in animal studies. Rather less is known about combustion products of jet fuels and exposure to those. Aircraft emissions vary with the engine type, the engine load and the fuel. Among jet aircrafts there are differences between civil and military jet engines and their fuels. Combustion of jet fuel results in CO2, H2O, CO, C, NOx, particles and a great number of organic compounds. Among the emitted hydrocarbons (HCs), no compound (indicator) characteristic for jet engines could be detected so far. Jet engines do not seem to be a source of halogenated compounds or heavy metals. They contain, however, various toxicologically relevant compounds including carcinogenic substances. A comparison between organic compounds in the emissions of jet engines and diesel vehicle engines revealed no major differences in the composition. Risk factors of jet engine fuel exhaust can only be named in context of exposure data. Using available monitoring data, the possibilities and limitations for a risk assessment approach for the population living around large airports are presented. The analysis of such data shows that there is an impact on the air quality of the adjacent communities, but this impact does not result in levels higher than those in a typical urban environment.
航空旅行日益增加，机场正在新建或扩建。人们越来越担心居住在大型机场附近的居民接触到有毒燃烧产物。喷气燃料的物理和化学性质已得到充分表征。职业接触和动物研究描述了燃料蒸气和液体燃料对健康的影响。而对于喷气燃料的燃烧产物以及接触这些产物的情况，人们了解得相对较少。飞机排放物随发动机类型、发动机负荷和燃料而变化。在喷气式飞机中，民用和军用喷气发动机及其燃料存在差异。喷气燃料燃烧会产生二氧化碳、水、一氧化碳、碳、氮氧化物、颗粒物和大量有机化合物。在排放的碳氢化合物中，到目前为止尚未检测到喷气发动机特有的化合物（指标）。喷气发动机似乎不是卤代化合物或重金属的来源。然而，它们含有各种具有毒理学相关性的化合物，包括致癌物质。喷气发动机排放物中的有机化合物与柴油车辆发动机排放物的比较显示，成分上没有重大差异。喷气发动机燃料废气的风险因素只能结合接触数据来确定。利用现有的监测数据，介绍了对大型机场周边居民进行风险评估的方法的可能性和局限性。对此类数据的分析表明，这对相邻社区的空气质量有影响，但这种影响不会导致高于典型城市环境中的水平。
