Netz Yael, Raviv Shulamith
Department of Behavioral Sciences, School of Physical Education, Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Wingate Institute, Israel.
J Psychol. 2004 Jan;138(1):35-48. doi: 10.3200/JRLP.138.1.35-48.
According to social-cognitive theory, an individual's motivation to engage in physical activity is based on three postulates: self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and self-evaluated satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The purpose of the present study was to examine age, gender, level of education, and level of activity in relation to those postulates in 2,298 Australians aged between 18 and 78. The authors conducted regression analyses for self-efficacy and for outcome expectations as dependent variables; age, gender, education level, and level of physical activity served as independent variables. Chi-square analyses assessed differences in the health incentive to exercise, the perceived level of activity, and the perceived level of fitness. Results indicated significant age differences on all variables. The older individual felt lower self-efficacy in relation to physical activity and expected fewer benefits from participating in physical activity. However, older individuals who engaged in physical activity rated themselves as more active and fit than nonexercisers of their same age and gender. Physical activity and level of education were positively correlated with self-efficacy, and men were more efficacious than women were. The implications are that interventions aimed at increasing participation in physical activity should take into consideration differences in incentives.
根据社会认知理论，个体参与体育活动的动机基于三个假设：自我效能感、结果期望以及自我评估的满意度或不满意度。本研究的目的是在2298名年龄在18至78岁之间的澳大利亚人中，考察年龄、性别、教育程度和活动水平与这些假设之间的关系。作者以自我效能感和结果期望为因变量进行回归分析；年龄、性别、教育水平和体育活动水平作为自变量。卡方分析评估了运动的健康激励、感知到的活动水平和感知到的健康水平方面的差异。结果表明，所有变量在年龄上存在显著差异。年龄较大的个体在体育活动方面自我效能感较低，并且预期从参与体育活动中获得的益处较少。然而，参与体育活动的老年人对自己的评价是，比起同年龄、同性别的不运动者，他们更加活跃、更加健康。体育活动和教育水平与自我效能感呈正相关，男性比女性更具效能感。这意味着旨在增加体育活动参与度的干预措施应考虑到激励因素的差异。
