Pathophysiology of focal cerebral ischemia: a therapeutic perspective.

The pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia is best understood in animal models of stroke. Within minutes of interrupted blood flow, mitochondria are deprived of substrate, which prevents adenosine triphosphate generation and results in membrane depolarization. This leads to increased intracellular calcium and sodium concentration followed by generation of free radicals and initiation of apoptosis. Glutamate release from ischemic neurons contributes to cellular damage. Each step in this complex, interdependent series of events offers a potential point to intervene and prevent neuronal death. Although many human trials in acute stroke therapy have had disappointing results, many promising therapies are in the pipeline, including hypothermia and free-radical inhibitors. Herein, the author discusses the pathophysiology of focal cerebral ischemia as has been revealed in rodent models and reviews the major human trials according to treatment mechanism.