Vickers J N
Neuro-Motor Psychology Laboratory, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Perception. 1992;21(1):117-32. doi: 10.1068/p210117.
The gaze of low and higher handicap golfers was assessed while they performed consecutive putts from 3 m, wearing an eye-movement helmet that permitted normal mobility. MANOVA (count and duration), with univariate follow-up, revealed significant differences in gaze between five low (LH, 0-8) and seven higher handicap golfers (HH, 10-16). The LH (ie more highly skilled) golfers were found to use a variable form of gaze control in which longer fixation durations on the ball and target were observed, and there were fewer fixations on the club and surface, with more express saccades and quicker saccades between gaze locations. The HH golfers, in contrast, allocated the same mean durations to each gaze (about 1 s), independent of type of control (fixation, saccade, or tracking) or location (ball, club, target, or surface). In comparing hits to misses, there was an increased probability of hits if the golfers used express saccades to the club during preparation, and a steady fixation on the ball during the backswing/foreswing of the club, as well as a steady fixation on the surface during contact. These results suggest that with the acquisition of the putting skill, there are changes in gaze control, characterized by economy in the number of gaze shifts, the development of priority to specific gaze locations, and economy in the allocation of time between preferred gaze locations. In the discussion two reasons are proposed that may partially explain the results found here, as well as help further our understanding of the role of gaze in targetting skills.
研究人员评估了低差点和高差点高尔夫球手在佩戴允许正常活动的眼动头盔，从3米处连续进行推杆时的注视情况。采用多变量方差分析（计数和持续时间）及单变量后续分析发现，五名低差点高尔夫球手（LH，0 - 8）和七名高差点高尔夫球手（HH，10 - 16）在注视方面存在显著差异。结果发现，低差点（即技能更熟练）的高尔夫球手采用了一种可变的注视控制形式，他们对球和目标的注视持续时间更长，对球杆和球道表面的注视次数更少，在注视位置之间有更多快速的扫视和更快的扫视。相比之下，高差点高尔夫球手对每种注视（约1秒）分配相同的平均持续时间，与控制类型（注视、扫视或跟踪）或位置（球、球杆、目标或表面）无关。在比较击球与未击球时，如果高尔夫球手在准备过程中对球杆进行快速扫视，在球杆后摆/前挥过程中对球持续稳定注视，以及在击球瞬间对球道表面持续稳定注视，那么击球的概率会增加。这些结果表明，随着推杆技能的习得，注视控制会发生变化，其特征是注视转移次数减少、对特定注视位置的优先级发展以及在首选注视位置之间分配时间更加高效。在讨论中，提出了两个原因，它们可能部分解释了此处发现的结果，并有助于进一步理解注视在瞄准技能中的作用。
