Barry Benjamin K, Carson Richard G
Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004 Jul;59(7):730-54. doi: 10.1093/gerona/59.7.m730.
Older adults who undertake resistance training are typically seeking to maintain or increase their muscular strength with the goal of preserving or improving their functional capabilities. The extent to which resistance training adaptations lead to improved performance on tasks of everyday living is not particularly well understood. Indeed, studies examining changes in functional task performance experienced by older adults following periods of resistance training have produced equivocal findings. A clear understanding of the principles governing the transfer of resistance training adaptations is therefore critical in seeking to optimize the prescription of training regimes that have as their aim the maintenance and improvement of functional movement capacities in older adults. The degenerative processes that occur in the aging motor system are likely to influence heavily any adaptations to resistance training and the subsequent transfer to functional task performance. The resulting characteristics of motor behavior, such as the substantial decline in the rate of force development and the decreased steadiness of force production, may entail that specialized resistance training strategies are necessary to maximize the benefits for older adults. In this review, we summarize the alterations in the neuromuscular system that are responsible for the declines in strength, power, and force control, and the subsequent deterioration in the everyday movement capabilities of older adults. We examine the literature concerning the neural adaptations that older adults experience in response to resistance training, and consider the readiness with which these adaptations will improve the functional movement capabilities of older adults.
进行抗阻训练的老年人通常旨在维持或增强肌肉力量，以保持或改善其功能能力。抗阻训练适应性在多大程度上能改善日常生活任务的表现，目前还不是特别清楚。事实上，关于老年人在进行一段时间抗阻训练后功能任务表现变化的研究结果并不一致。因此，要想优化训练方案的制定，使训练旨在维持和改善老年人的功能性运动能力，清楚地了解抗阻训练适应性转移的原理至关重要。衰老运动系统中发生的退行性过程可能会严重影响对抗阻训练的任何适应性以及随后向功能任务表现的转移。由此产生的运动行为特征，如力量发展速度大幅下降和力量产生稳定性降低，可能意味着需要专门的抗阻训练策略，以最大限度地让老年人受益。在这篇综述中，我们总结了导致老年人力量、功率和力量控制下降以及日常运动能力随后恶化的神经肌肉系统变化。我们研究了有关老年人对抗阻训练产生的神经适应性的文献，并考虑这些适应性改善老年人功能性运动能力的程度。
