Bahri A, Brissaud F
INRGREF, BP 10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia.
Water Sci Technol. 2004;50(2):39-46.
Water reuse is a widespread practice in most Mediterranean countries. Some countries have no wastewater treatment facilities and direct reuse of raw wastewater is occurring while others have a well-established national reuse policy. Water reuse microbiological standards, when existing, significantly differ from one country to another. Some countries have adopted regulations close to the California's Water Recycling Criteria whereas other countries have chosen criteria based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. California standards are technologically based requirements aimed at eliminating the presence of pathogens. The WHO guidelines relied on epidemiological evidences though few were available. Their revision on the basis of new epidemiological investigations and quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) provided by Blumenthal et al., together with added QMRA data, helped proposing Mediterranean guidelines. Acceptable annual risks related to bathing and potable water drinking were taken as benchmarks. This proposal is designed to protect individuals against realistic maximum exposures and to provide minimum and affordable requirements which should constitute the basis of water reuse regulations in every country of the region. Inadequacies of the actual knowledge do not allow a definitive position regarding the guideline limits; other scientific and technical basis are still required.
水的再利用在大多数地中海国家是一种普遍的做法。一些国家没有污水处理设施，正在直接回用未经处理的废水，而其他国家则有完善的国家回用政策。水再利用的微生物标准（如果有的话）在不同国家之间存在显著差异。一些国家采用了接近加利福尼亚州水回收标准的法规，而其他国家则选择了基于世界卫生组织（WHO）指南的标准。加利福尼亚州的标准是基于技术的要求，旨在消除病原体的存在。WHO指南依赖于流行病学证据，尽管可用的证据很少。其根据Blumenthal等人提供的新的流行病学调查和定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）以及新增的QMRA数据进行修订，有助于提出地中海地区的指南。将与沐浴和饮用饮用水相关的可接受年度风险作为基准。该提案旨在保护个人免受实际最大暴露，并提供应构成该地区每个国家水再利用法规基础的最低且可承受的要求。实际知识的不足使得无法就指南限值确定最终立场；仍需要其他科学和技术依据。
