Bazin J-E, Constantin J-M, Gindre G
Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, boulevard Léon-Malfreyt, 63058 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2004 Aug;23(8):811-8. doi: 10.1016/j.annfar.2004.05.013.
The use of experimental animals requires anaesthesia to provide immobility and analgesia. Animals require anaesthesia not only for ethical reasons but also because pain and stress can alter the quality of research results. Recognition of pain, and its treatment is important throughout the procedure. Before anaesthesia, animals are acclimated and rehydrated. Except in small rodents and in ruminants, in order to avoid vomiting, a fast of 8 to 12 hours before anaesthesia is recommended. In order to protect animals against suffering and distress during transfer, restraint and management, a premedication is administered. Most human anaesthetic products can be used in animals. There are some specific veterinary anaesthetics. Moreover, the anaesthetic effects could be different from specie to an other. In most big animals, induction is realized by intravenous administration. In small rodents, venous puncture and contention could be difficult, and anaesthetic agents may be injected via intraperitoneal or intramuscular way. The principal inconvenient of these administration routes is the impossibility to adjust dose to animal response. In large animals, human anaesthesia material can be used. Some technical adaptations could be necessary in smaller animals. In rodents or in neonatology, specific devices are recommended. ECG, arterial pressure, tidal volume, expired CO(2) and oxygen saturation monitoring assess quality of, and tolerance to anaesthesia. If animals are awaked after anaesthesia, postoperative management is closed to human clinical problems. During animal experimentations, anaesthesia may interact with results. All anaesthetic drugs alter normal physiology in some way and may confound physiologic results. In the literature, most publications do not mention this possible interaction. Investigators need to understand how animals are affected by anaesthetic drugs in order to formulate anaesthetic protocols with minimal effects on data. Extrapolation between different animal species and human and animals about the effects of anaesthetic agents are very hazardous. Great differences exist between the effects observed in vitro and in whole animals. The effects of the anaesthetics could be totally different if they are used alone or in association. The same anaesthetic could have opposite effects from an organ to another. For results validation, the anaesthesia side effects (hypoventilation, hypotension, cooling em leader ) have to be minimized. All new experimental models should require discussing the possible interferences between anaesthesia and results and to compare results obtained with different anaesthetic protocols.
使用实验动物需要进行麻醉以使其保持不动并实现镇痛。动物需要麻醉不仅是出于伦理原因，还因为疼痛和应激会改变研究结果的质量。在整个过程中，识别疼痛并进行治疗很重要。麻醉前，动物要进行适应和补液。除小型啮齿动物和反刍动物外，为避免呕吐，建议在麻醉前禁食8至12小时。为了保护动物在转运、约束和管理过程中免受痛苦和不适，需给予术前用药。大多数人类麻醉产品可用于动物。也有一些特定的兽用麻醉剂。此外，不同物种的麻醉效果可能不同。在大多数大型动物中，通过静脉注射进行诱导。在小型啮齿动物中，静脉穿刺可能困难，麻醉剂可通过腹腔内或肌肉内注射。这些给药途径的主要不便之处在于无法根据动物反应调整剂量。在大型动物中，可使用人类麻醉材料。在较小的动物中可能需要一些技术调整。在啮齿动物或新生儿学中，推荐使用特定设备。心电图、动脉压、潮气量、呼出二氧化碳和血氧饱和度监测可评估麻醉质量和耐受性。如果动物在麻醉后苏醒，术后管理与人类临床问题相似。在动物实验过程中，麻醉可能会与结果相互作用。所有麻醉药物都会在某种程度上改变正常生理状态，可能会混淆生理结果。在文献中，大多数出版物未提及这种可能的相互作用。研究人员需要了解动物如何受到麻醉药物的影响，以便制定对数据影响最小的麻醉方案。在不同动物物种之间以及人与动物之间推断麻醉剂的效果非常危险。体外观察到的效果与在整个动物身上观察到的效果存在很大差异。麻醉剂单独使用或联合使用时效果可能完全不同。同一种麻醉剂对不同器官可能产生相反的效果。为了验证结果，必须将麻醉副作用（通气不足、低血压、体温过低等）降至最低。所有新的实验模型都应讨论麻醉与结果之间可能的干扰，并比较不同麻醉方案获得的结果。
