Gadon Lisa, Bruce Gillian, McConnochie Fiona, Jones Barry T
Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, Scotland, UK.
Addict Behav. 2004 Sep;29(7):1373-87. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.06.005.
Alcohol 'cognitions' were explored using an implicit methodology [Stacy, Leigh and Weingardt, 1994]. In Study 1, an Associations Questionnaire was developed with young adult undergraduates (median=20 years) comprising culturally available (i.e., high-frequency occurrence) and idiosyncratic (i.e., low-frequency occurrence) positive and negative alcohol consumption outcomes and positive and negative outcomes of behaviors-other-than-alcohol consumption. In Study 2, the relationship was explored between the alcohol consumption of young adult undergraduates (median age = 19 years) and implicit alcohol-related associations made through the Associations Questionnaire. A significant positive relationship was found between consumption and positive and negative culturally available (experimental) outcomes but not for the other two types of (control) outcome. In Study 3, the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related associations was explored in mature adults (median = 45 years) with many more years' drinking experience. The results of Study 1 were replicated except that a significant positive relationship between consumption and some control outcomes was now found--e.g., negative outcomes of what where hitherto behaviors-other-than-alcohol consumption. In Study 4, however, using the same techniques that were used to develop the Associations Questionnaire in Study 1, an extended set of negative alcohol consumption outcomes was found in mature adults (median = 44 years) that included a proportion of the negative outcomes of behaviors-other-than-alcohol consumption that had served as controls in Studies 2 and 3. A reanalysis of the data from Study 3, with such items removed from the controls and designated 'new' negative alcohol consumption outcomes, showed a positive relationship between consumption and implicit alcohol-related associations made through these 'new' items of the Associations Questionnaire. The changing profile of associations with negative outcomes of consumption is discussed and related to negative expectancy research and drinking restraint.
使用一种隐性方法对酒精“认知”进行了探究[斯泰西、利和温加德特，1994年]。在研究1中，针对年轻成年本科生（中位数=20岁）编制了一份关联问卷，其中包含文化上常见的（即高频出现的）以及特质性的（即低频出现的）积极和消极饮酒结果，以及非饮酒行为的积极和消极结果。在研究2中，探究了年轻成年本科生（中位年龄=19岁）的饮酒情况与通过关联问卷得出的隐性酒精相关关联之间的关系。研究发现，饮酒量与文化上常见的（实验性）积极和消极结果之间存在显著的正相关关系，但与其他两类（对照性）结果不存在这种关系。在研究3中，对饮酒经验更为丰富的成熟成年人（中位数=45岁）的饮酒情况与酒精相关关联之间的关系进行了探究。重复了研究1的结果，但现在发现饮酒量与一些对照性结果之间存在显著的正相关关系——例如，此前被视为非饮酒行为的消极结果。然而，在研究4中，采用了与研究1中编制关联问卷相同的技术，在成熟成年人（中位数=44岁）中发现了一组扩展的消极饮酒结果，其中包括在研究2和3中作为对照的部分非饮酒行为的消极结果。对研究3的数据进行重新分析，将这些项目从对照中去除并指定为“新的”消极饮酒结果，结果显示饮酒量与通过关联问卷中的这些“新”项目得出的隐性酒精相关关联之间存在正相关关系。文中讨论了与饮酒消极结果相关联情况的变化，并将其与消极预期研究和饮酒抑制联系起来。
