Ames Daniel R
Columbia Business School, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004 Nov;87(5):573-85. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.573.
Most models of how perceivers infer the widespread attitudes and qualities of social groups revolve around either the self (social projection, false consensus) or stereotypes (stereotyping). The author suggests people rely on both of these inferential strategies, with perceived general similarity moderating their use, leading to increased levels of projection and decreased levels of stereotyping. Three studies featuring existing individual differences in perceived similarity as well as manipulated perceptions supported the predictions, with similarity yielding increased projection to, and decreased stereotyping of, various in-groups and out-groups. Evidence that projection and stereotyping may serve as inferential alternatives also emerged. The model and accompanying results have implications for research on social comparison and projection, stereotyping and prejudice, and social inference.
大多数关于感知者如何推断社会群体普遍态度和特质的模型，要么围绕自我（社会投射、错误共识），要么围绕刻板印象（刻板化）展开。作者认为人们会同时依赖这两种推理策略，感知到的总体相似性会调节它们的使用，从而导致投射水平增加和刻板化水平降低。三项以感知相似性方面现有的个体差异以及操纵后的感知为特色的研究支持了这些预测，相似性使得对各种内群体和外群体的投射增加，刻板化减少。投射和刻板化可能作为推理替代方式的证据也出现了。该模型及相关结果对社会比较与投射、刻板化与偏见以及社会推理的研究具有启示意义。
