Daudén A, Quílez D, Vera M V
Unidad de Suelos y Riegos, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón Apdo. 727, 50080-Zaragoza, Spain.
J Environ Qual. 2004 Nov-Dec;33(6):2290-5. doi: 10.2134/jeq2004.2290.
Land application of animal manures, such as pig slurry (PS), is a common practice in intensive-farming agriculture. However, this practice has a pitfall consisting of the loss of nutrients, in particular nitrate, toward water courses. The objective of this study was to evaluate nitrate leaching for three application rates of pig slurry (50, 100, and 200 Mg ha(-1)) and a control treatment of mineral fertilizer (275 kg N ha(-1)) applied to corn grown in 10 drainage lysimeters. The effects of two irrigation regimes (low vs. high irrigation efficiency) were also analyzed. In the first two irrigation events, drainage NO(3)-N concentrations as high as 145 and 69 mg L(-1) were measured in the high and moderate PS rate treatments, respectively, in the low irrigation efficiency treatments. This indicates the fast transformation of the PS ammonium into nitrate and the subsequent leaching of the transformed nitrate. Drainage NO(3)-N concentration and load increased linearly by 0.69 mg NO(3)-N L(-1) and 4.6 kg NO(3)-N ha(-1), respectively, for each 10 kg N ha(-1) applied over the minimum of 275 kg N ha(-1). An increase in irrigation efficiency did not induce a significant increase of leachate concentration and the amount of nitrate leached decreased about 65%. Application of low PS doses before sowing complemented with sidedressing N application and a good irrigation management are the key factors to reduce nitrate contamination of water courses.
在集约化农业中，将动物粪便（如猪粪）用于土地是一种常见做法。然而，这种做法存在一个缺陷，即养分尤其是硝酸盐会流失到水道中。本研究的目的是评估在10个排水测渗仪中种植玉米时，猪粪三种施用量（50、100和200 Mg ha(-1)）以及矿物肥料对照处理（275 kg N ha(-1)）的硝酸盐淋失情况。还分析了两种灌溉方式（低灌溉效率与高灌溉效率）的影响。在前两次灌溉事件中，在低灌溉效率处理下，高猪粪施用量和中等猪粪施用量处理的排水中NO(3)-N浓度分别高达145和69 mg L(-1)。这表明猪粪中的铵迅速转化为硝酸盐，随后转化的硝酸盐发生淋失。在最低275 kg N ha(-1)的基础上，每额外施用10 kg N ha(-1)，排水中NO(3)-N浓度和负荷分别线性增加0.69 mg NO(3)-N L(-1)和4.6 kg NO(3)-N ha(-1)。灌溉效率的提高并未导致渗滤液浓度显著增加，硝酸盐淋失量减少了约65%。播种前施用低剂量猪粪并辅以侧施氮肥以及良好的灌溉管理是减少水道硝酸盐污染的关键因素。
