Lodwick Jessica L, Borries Carola, Pusey Anne E, Goodall Jane, McGrew William C
Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-4364, USA.
Am J Primatol. 2004 Nov;64(3):249-60. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20076.
The time spent between sleeping periods, which is called the active period, has to accommodate all essential activities, including feeding, resting, social behavior, and reproduction. To minimize costs in terms of, e.g., predation risk, suboptimal foraging, or sleep deficiency, the active period of diurnal animals should be less than or equal to the daylight period. Thus, the active period of an animal should be shaped by local environmental conditions as well as by metabolic and reproductive demands. Chimpanzees, which exhibit reduced predator pressure and a flexible fission-fusion society, were chosen as a model to explore these links. We investigated the influence of sex, female reproductive status, dominance rank, and season on the duration of the active period of adult chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania (1975-1992). Sexually nonreceptive females had shorter active periods compared to males, while receptive females had even longer active periods than males. Dominance rank did not influence the duration of the active period of nonreceptive females, but high- and middle-ranking males had shorter active periods compared to low-ranking males. Nonreceptive females exhibited longer active periods during the dry season than in the wet season. No seasonal effect was discovered for males, perhaps because they already had long active periods in the wet season. Nonreceptive females seem to be able to accommodate all essential activities in the daylight period available, probably because they live less socially than males. Thus, the active period does not reflect differences in female competitive abilities, but does reflect such differences in males. The duration of the active period appears to be a simple, reliable tool for exploring basic responses and constraints in animal societies.
睡眠周期之间所花费的时间，即活跃期，必须用于所有基本活动，包括进食、休息、社交行为和繁殖。为了将诸如被捕食风险、觅食效率低下或睡眠不足等方面的成本降至最低，昼行性动物的活跃期应小于或等于白昼时长。因此，动物的活跃期应受当地环境条件以及代谢和繁殖需求的影响。黑猩猩因捕食压力较小且具有灵活的裂变融合社会结构，被选为探索这些联系的模型。我们研究了性别、雌性繁殖状态、优势等级和季节对坦桑尼亚贡贝国家公园（1975 - 1992年）成年黑猩猩活跃期时长的影响。性不接受期的雌性与雄性相比活跃期较短，而处于发情期的雌性比雄性的活跃期更长。优势等级并未影响性不接受期雌性的活跃期时长，但高等级和中等等级的雄性与低等级雄性相比活跃期较短。性不接受期的雌性在旱季的活跃期比雨季更长。未发现雄性有季节性影响，可能是因为它们在雨季已经有较长的活跃期。性不接受期的雌性似乎能够在可用的白昼时间内完成所有基本活动，可能是因为它们的社交程度低于雄性。因此，活跃期并未反映雌性竞争能力的差异，但确实反映了雄性的这种差异。活跃期时长似乎是探索动物社会基本反应和限制因素的一个简单、可靠的工具。
