Stanford C B, Wallis J, Matama H, Goodall J
Department of Anthropology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1994 Jun;94(2):213-28. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330940206.
Predatory patterns in wild chimpanzees are important evidence in the continuing debate about the role of hunting in the behavior of early hominids. Data are presented on the predator-prey ecology of red colobus monkeys Colobus badius tephrosceles) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, from 1982 through 1991. During this period chimpanzees were observed to kill 429 mammalian prey items, 350 of which were red colobus. Hunts were undertaken by chimpanzees in 71.5% of encounters with red colobus, and in 52.2% of all hunts at least one colobus was caught. Hunting occurred in all months, but its frequency peaked in the late dry season months of August and September, and was lowest in the rainy months of April and May. There was greater seasonality of hunting from 1982 to 1991 than previously reported for Gombe. Hunting success varied between 40% in the rainy season and 65% in the dry season. Sixty multiple kills of colobus were reported in which from two to seven colobus were killed. Approximately 75% of all colobus caught were immatures; juveniles were the most preyed upon age class. Adult and adolescent male chimpanzees made 89.3% of all kills; the 10.7% of kills made by adult females was an increase over the 4% figure for female kills reported in the preceding decade. Hunting showed a strong "binge" tendency, with the explanation for binges likely related to social rather than ecological factors. These results are discussed in light of earlier hunting data for Gombe chimpanzees, and compared with data from other chimpanzee field studies.
野生黑猩猩的捕食模式是关于狩猎在早期原始人类行为中所起作用的持续争论中的重要证据。本文呈现了1982年至1991年期间坦桑尼亚贡贝国家公园红疣猴（科洛布斯猴属红疣猴指名亚种）和黑猩猩（黑猩猩指名亚种）的捕食者 - 猎物生态数据。在此期间，观察到黑猩猩捕杀了429个哺乳动物猎物，其中350个是红疣猴。在与红疣猴的相遇中，71.5%的情况是黑猩猩进行狩猎，并且在所有狩猎活动中，52.2%的情况下至少捕获了一只红疣猴。全年各月均有狩猎行为，但在8月和9月的旱季后期频率达到峰值，在4月和5月的雨季则最低。1982年至1991年期间狩猎的季节性比此前报道的贡贝地区更为明显。狩猎成功率在雨季为40%，在旱季为65%。报告了60次对红疣猴的多次捕杀事件，每次捕杀2至7只红疣猴。所有捕获的红疣猴中约75%是未成年个体；幼年个体是被捕食最多的年龄组。成年和青少年雄性黑猩猩完成了所有捕杀的89.3%；成年雌性黑猩猩的捕杀占比为10.7%，相较于前十年报告的雌性捕杀占4%有所增加。狩猎呈现出强烈的“暴饮暴食”倾向，这种暴饮暴食现象的原因可能与社会因素而非生态因素有关。本文根据贡贝黑猩猩早期的狩猎数据对这些结果进行了讨论，并与其他黑猩猩野外研究的数据进行了比较。
