Villegas R, Salim A, Collins M M, Flynn A, Perry I J
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Distillery House, North Mall, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
Public Health Nutr. 2004 Dec;7(8):1017-24. doi: 10.1079/PHN2004638.
To identify and characterise dietary patterns in a middle-aged Irish population sample and study associations between these patterns, sociodemographic and anthropometric variables and major risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
A cross-sectional study.
A group of 1473 men and women were sampled from 17 general practice lists in the South of Ireland. A total of 1018 attended for screening, with a response rate of 69%. Participants completed a detailed health and lifestyle questionnaire and provided a fasting blood sample for glucose, lipids and homocysteine. Dietary intake was assessed using a standard food-frequency questionnaire adapted for use in the Irish population. The food-frequency questionnaire was a modification of that used in the UK arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer study, which was based on that used in the US Nurses' Health Study. Dietary patterns were assessed primarily by K-means cluster analysis, following initial principal components analysis to identify the seeds.
Three dietary patterns were identified. These clusters corresponded to a traditional Irish diet, a prudent diet and a diet characterised by high consumption of alcoholic drinks and convenience foods. Cluster 1 (Traditional Diet) had the highest intakes of saturated fat (SFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and percentage of total energy from fat, and the lowest polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) intake and ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat (P:S). Cluster 2 (Prudent Diet) was characterised by significantly higher intakes of fibre, PUFA, P:S ratio and antioxidant vitamins (vitamins C and E), and lower intakes of total fat, MUFA, SFA and cholesterol. Cluster 3 (Alcohol & Convenience Foods) had the highest intakes of alcohol, protein, cholesterol, vitamin B(12), vitamin B(6), folate, iron, phosphorus, selenium and zinc, and the lowest intakes of PUFA, vitamin A and antioxidant vitamins (vitamins C and E). There were significant differences between clusters in gender distribution, smoking status, physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference and serum homocysteine concentrations.
In this general population sample, cluster analysis methods yielded two major dietary patterns: prudent and traditional. The prudent dietary pattern is associated with other health-seeking behaviours. Study of dietary patterns will help elucidate links between diet and disease and contribute to the development of healthy eating guidelines for health promotion.
识别并描述爱尔兰中年人群样本中的饮食模式，研究这些模式、社会人口统计学和人体测量学变量以及心血管疾病主要危险因素之间的关联。
一项横断面研究。
从爱尔兰南部17个全科医疗名单中抽取了一组1473名男性和女性。共有1018人参加筛查，应答率为69%。参与者完成了一份详细的健康和生活方式问卷，并提供了一份用于检测血糖、血脂和同型半胱氨酸的空腹血样。使用一份为爱尔兰人群改编的标准食物频率问卷评估饮食摄入量。该食物频率问卷是对欧洲癌症前瞻性调查英国部分所使用问卷的修改版，而后者基于美国护士健康研究中所使用的问卷。饮食模式主要通过K均值聚类分析进行评估，在最初的主成分分析确定聚类中心之后开展。
识别出三种饮食模式。这些聚类分别对应传统爱尔兰饮食、谨慎饮食以及以高酒精饮料和方便食品消费量为特征的饮食。聚类1（传统饮食）的饱和脂肪（SFA）、单不饱和脂肪（MUFA）摄入量以及脂肪提供的总能量百分比最高，多不饱和脂肪（PUFA）摄入量以及多不饱和与饱和脂肪比例（P:S）最低。聚类2（谨慎饮食）的特征是纤维、PUFA、P:S比例和抗氧化维生素（维生素C和E）摄入量显著更高，总脂肪、MUFA、SFA和胆固醇摄入量更低。聚类3（酒精与方便食品）的酒精、蛋白质、胆固醇、维生素B12、维生素B6、叶酸、铁、磷、硒和锌摄入量最高，PUFA、维生素A和抗氧化维生素（维生素C和E）摄入量最低。各聚类在性别分布、吸烟状况、身体活动、体重指数、腰围和血清同型半胱氨酸浓度方面存在显著差异。
在这个普通人群样本中，聚类分析方法得出两种主要饮食模式：谨慎型和传统型。谨慎饮食模式与其他健康寻求行为相关。对饮食模式的研究将有助于阐明饮食与疾病之间的联系，并有助于制定促进健康的健康饮食指南。
