Segura H R, Barrera J F, Morales H, Nazar A
El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Apartado Postal 36, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico.
J Econ Entomol. 2004 Oct;97(5):1491-9. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-97.5.1491.
Small farmers' perceptions of coffee Coffea arabica L. herbivores and their natural enemies, how those perceptions relate to field infestation levels, and pest management practices being implemented by members from two organic and nonorganic coffee grower organizations in the Soconusco region, southeastern Mexico, were analyzed through an interview survey, diagnostic workshops, and field sampling. The terms pest, disease, and damage were commonly used as synonyms. The major phytophagous species, as perceived by the interviewees, were Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), and to a lesser extent the fungi Corticium koleroga Cooke (Höhnel) and Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley & Broome. Among the nonorganic farmers, other nonpest-related constraints were regarded as more important. Awareness of the existence of natural enemies was low, despite more organic farmers have used the ectoparasitoid bethylid Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem against H. hampei. Labor supplied by household members was most frequent for pest control; only organic farmers exchanged labor for this purpose. The levels of infestation by H. hampei, Leucoptera coffeella Guérin-Méneville, and C. koleroga were lower within the organic coffee stands. However, a low effectiveness for pest control was commonly perceived, probably due to a feeling, among the organic farmers, of a low impact of their pest management extension service, whereas a lack of motivation was prevalent among the nonorganic farmers, shown by a concern with their low coffee yields and the emigration of youth. The importance of understanding farmers' perceptions and knowledge of pests and their natural enemies and the need for participatory pest management approaches, are discussed.
小农户对阿拉比卡咖啡害虫及其天敌的认知、这些认知与田间虫害水平的关系，以及墨西哥东南部索科努斯科地区两个有机和非有机咖啡种植者组织成员所实施的害虫管理措施，通过访谈调查、诊断研讨会和田间采样进行了分析。害虫、疾病和损害这几个术语通常被用作同义词。受访者认为主要的植食性物种是咖啡果小蠹（Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)），其次是真菌咖啡炭疽病菌（Corticium koleroga Cooke (Höhnel)）和咖啡锈病菌（Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley & Broome）。在非有机农户中，其他与害虫无关的制约因素被认为更为重要。尽管有更多有机农户使用外寄生蜂小头猛蚁（Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem）来防治咖啡果小蠹，但对天敌存在的认知度较低。家庭成员提供的劳动力在害虫防治中最为常见；只有有机农户为此目的进行劳动力交换。在有机咖啡种植园中，咖啡果小蠹、咖啡潜叶蛾（Leucoptera coffeella Guérin-Méneville）和咖啡炭疽病菌的虫害水平较低。然而，人们普遍认为害虫防治效果不佳，这可能是因为有机农户觉得他们的害虫管理推广服务影响较小，而非有机农户中普遍缺乏积极性，表现为对咖啡低产和年轻人外流的担忧。本文讨论了了解农户对害虫及其天敌的认知和知识的重要性以及采用参与式害虫管理方法的必要性。
