Edler Inge, Lindström Kjell
Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
Ultrasound Med Biol. 2004 Dec;30(12):1565-644. doi: 10.1016/S0301-5629(99)00056-3.
Following a brief review of the development of medical ultrasonics from the mid-1930s to the mid-1950s, the collaboration between Edler and Hertz that began in Lund in 1953 is described. Using an industrial ultrasonic flaw detector, they obtained time-varying echoes transcutaneously from within the heart. The first clinical applications of M-mode echocardiography were concerned with the assessment of the mitral valve from the shapes of the corresponding waveforms. Subsequently, the various M-mode recordings were related to their anatomical origins. The method then became established as a diagnostic tool and was taken up by investigators outside Lund, initially in China, Germany, Japan and the USA and, subsequently, world-wide. The diffusion of echocardiography into clinical practice depended on the timely commercial availability of suitable equipment. The discovery of contrast echocardiography in the late 1960s further validated the technique and extended the range of applications. Two-dimensional echocardiography was first demonstrated in the late 1950s, with real-time mechanical systems and, in the early 1960s, with intracardiac probes. Transesophageal echocardiography followed, in the late 1960s. Stop-action two-dimensional echocardiography enjoyed a brief vogue in the early 1970s. It was, however, the demonstration by Bom in Rotterdam of real-time two-dimensional echocardiography using a linear transducer array that revolutionized and popularized the subject. Then, the phased array sector scanner, which had been demonstrated in the late 1960s by Somer in Utrecht, was applied to cardiac studies from the mid-1970s onwards. Satomura had demonstrated the use of the ultrasonic Doppler effect to detect tissue motion in Osaka in the mid-1950s and the technique was soon afterwards applied in the heart, often in combination with M-mode recording. The development of the pulsed Doppler method in the late 1960s opened up new opportunities for clinical innovation. The review ends with a mention of color Doppler echocardiography. (E-mail:
在简要回顾了从20世纪30年代中期到50年代中期医学超声学的发展之后，本文描述了1953年在隆德开始的埃德勒和赫兹之间的合作。他们使用一台工业超声探伤仪，经皮获取了心脏内部随时间变化的回声。M型超声心动图的首批临床应用涉及根据相应波形的形状评估二尖瓣。随后，各种M型记录与它们的解剖学起源相关联。该方法随后成为一种诊断工具，并被隆德以外的研究人员采用，最初是在中国、德国、日本和美国，随后在全球范围内得到应用。超声心动图在临床实践中的推广取决于合适设备的及时商业供应。20世纪60年代末对比超声心动图的发现进一步验证了该技术并扩展了应用范围。二维超声心动图在20世纪50年代末首次得到展示，采用的是实时机械系统，在60年代初则采用心内探头。经食管超声心动图随后在60年代末出现。定格二维超声心动图在70年代初曾短暂流行。然而，是鹿特丹的博姆使用线性换能器阵列展示了实时二维超声心动图，才使该领域发生了变革并得到普及。然后，乌得勒支的索默在60年代末展示的相控阵扇形扫描仪从70年代中期开始应用于心脏研究。20世纪50年代中期，佐藤村在大阪展示了利用超声多普勒效应检测组织运动，该技术随后很快应用于心脏，通常与M型记录相结合。20世纪60年代末脉冲多普勒方法的发展为临床创新开辟了新机遇。本文最后提到了彩色多普勒超声心动图。（电子邮件：
