Hanley J R, Hastie K, Kay J
Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, U.K.
Q J Exp Psychol A. 1992 Feb;44(2):285-319. doi: 10.1080/02724989243000046.
This study presents a detailed investigation of a young man in his early twenties who has suffered from a severe spelling impairment since childhood, and currently has a spelling age of only 9 years and 2 months. In contrast with the developmental phonological dyslexics reported by Campbell and Butterworth (1985) and Funnell and Davison (1989), his performance on tests of phonological awareness is good. In addition, he can read and spell non-words competently and, unlike normal 9-year-old children, virtually all of his spelling errors are phonologically appropriate. Further analysis of these errors reveals that he has knowledge of many of the different ways in which a given phoneme can be written, and that he uses phoneme-to-grapheme correspondences at the end of a word that are different from those he uses earlier in a word. However, he finds it difficult to spell words that contain uncommon phoneme-to-grapheme correspondences, which is compatible with the view that he has not developed an orthographic spelling lexicon. Although his oral reading of words is prompt and generally accurate, analysis of his lexical decision performance and the way that he defines homophones indicate that he does not have fully specified lexical entries available for reading either. We suggest that he suffers from a general orthographic processing deficit, and relies instead upon the combination of sub-lexical phonology and a lexicon that contains only partial information about the way in which words are spelt. This leads to reasonably competent reading, even of many irregular words, but produces very poor spelling. It is argued that qualitatively different types of developmental dyslexia do genuinely exist, but that reading impairments are likely to be much more pronounced in children who have a phonological rather than an orthographic processing deficit.
本研究详细调查了一名二十出头的年轻男子，他自童年起就患有严重的拼写障碍，目前的拼写年龄仅为9岁2个月。与坎贝尔和巴特沃思（1985年）以及芬内尔和戴维森（1989年）报道的发展性语音诵读困难者不同，他在语音意识测试中的表现良好。此外，他能够熟练地阅读和拼写非单词，并且与正常的9岁儿童不同，他几乎所有的拼写错误在语音上都是合适的。对这些错误的进一步分析表明，他知道一个给定音素可以用多种不同方式书写，并且他在单词末尾使用的音素到字素对应关系与他在单词开头使用的不同。然而，他发现拼写包含不常见音素到字素对应关系的单词很困难，这与他尚未形成正字法拼写词典的观点相符。尽管他口头读单词迅速且总体准确，但对他的词汇判断表现以及他定义同音异形词方式的分析表明，他在阅读时也没有完整的词汇条目可供使用。我们认为他患有一般性的正字法加工缺陷，而是依赖于次词汇语音学和一个仅包含单词拼写部分信息的词典的组合。这导致了即使对许多不规则单词也能进行合理熟练的阅读，但拼写却非常糟糕。有人认为，确实存在性质不同的发展性诵读困难类型，但阅读障碍在有语音而非正字法加工缺陷的儿童中可能会更加明显。
