Afonso Olivia, Suárez-Coalla Paz, Cuetos Fernando
Departamento de Psicología Cognitiva, Social y Organizacional, Universidad de La Laguna Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, Spain.
Front Psychol. 2015 Apr 20;6:466. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00466. eCollection 2015.
Spelling deficits have repeatedly been observed in children with dyslexia. However, the few studies addressing this issue in dyslexic adults have reported contradictory results. We investigated whether Spanish dyslexics show spelling deficits in adulthood and which components of the writing production process might be impaired in developmental dyslexia. In order to evaluate the involvement of the lexical and the sublexical routes of spelling as well as the graphemic buffer, lexical frequency, phonology-to-orthography consistency and word length were manipulated in two writing tasks: a direct copy transcoding task and a spelling-to-dictation task. Results revealed that adults with dyslexia produced longer written latencies, inter-letter intervals, writing durations and more errors than their peers without dyslexia. Moreover, the dyslexics were more affected by lexical frequency and word length than the controls, but both groups showed a similar effect of P-O consistency. Written latencies also revealed that while the dyslexics initiated the response later in the direct copy transcoding task than in the spelling-to-dictation task, the controls showed the opposite pattern. However, the dyslexics were slower than the controls in both tasks. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that spelling difficulties are present in adults with dyslexia, at least in a language with a transparent orthography such as Spanish. These difficulties seem to be associated with a deficit affecting both lexical processing and the ability to maintain information about the serial order of the letters in a word. However, the dyslexic group did not differ from the control group in the application of the P-O conversion procedures. The spelling impairment would be in addition to the reading deficit, leading to poorer performance in direct copy transcoding compared to spelling-to-dictation.
诵读困难儿童中反复出现拼写缺陷。然而，针对诵读困难成年人这一问题的少数研究报告了相互矛盾的结果。我们调查了成年西班牙诵读困难者是否存在拼写缺陷，以及在发展性诵读困难中写作产生过程的哪些组成部分可能受到损害。为了评估拼写的词汇和次词汇途径以及字素缓冲器的参与情况，在两项写作任务中操纵了词汇频率、音素到正字法的一致性和单词长度：直接抄写转码任务和听写拼写任务。结果显示，与无诵读困难的同龄人相比，患有诵读困难的成年人书写延迟更长、字母间隔更长、书写持续时间更长且错误更多。此外，诵读困难者比对照组更受词汇频率和单词长度的影响，但两组在音素 - 正字法一致性方面表现出相似的效果。书写延迟还表明，虽然诵读困难者在直接抄写转码任务中比在听写拼写任务中更晚开始反应，但对照组表现出相反的模式。然而，诵读困难者在两项任务中都比对照组慢。结果与以下假设一致，即诵读困难成年人存在拼写困难，至少在像西班牙语这样正字法透明的语言中如此。这些困难似乎与一种缺陷有关，这种缺陷既影响词汇处理，也影响保持单词中字母顺序信息的能力。然而，诵读困难组在音素 - 正字法转换程序的应用上与对照组没有差异。拼写障碍将是阅读缺陷之外的问题，导致与听写拼写相比，直接抄写转码的表现更差。
