Peterson Gail B
University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, USA.
J Exp Anal Behav. 2004 Nov;82(3):317-28. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2004.82-317.
Despite the seminal studies of response differentiation by the method of successive approximation detailed in chapter 8 of The Behavior of Organisms (1938), B. F. Skinner never actually shaped an operant response by hand until a memorable incident of startling serendipity on the top floor of a flour mill in Minneapolis in 1943. That occasion appears to have been a genuine eureka experience for Skinner, causing him to appreciate as never before the significance of reinforcement mediated by biological connections with the animate social environment, as opposed to purely mechanical connections with the inanimate physical environment. This insight stimulated him to coin a new term (shaping), and also led directly to a shift in his perspective on verbal behavior from an emphasis on antecedents and molecular topographical details to an emphasis on consequences and more molar, functional properties in which the social dyad inherent to the shaping process became the definitive property of verbal behavior. Moreover, the insight seems to have emboldened Skinner to explore the greater implications of his behaviorism for human behavior writ large, an enterprise that characterized the bulk of his post-World War II scholarship.
尽管在《有机体的行为》(1938年)第8章中详细阐述了通过连续接近法进行反应分化的开创性研究,但B. F. 斯金纳直到1943年在明尼阿波利斯一家面粉厂的顶层发生了一件令人难忘的意外事件,才真正亲手塑造了一种操作性反应。那次经历对斯金纳来说似乎是一次真正的顿悟,使他比以往任何时候都更深刻地认识到与有生命的社会环境建立生物联系所介导的强化的重要性,这与与无生命的物理环境建立纯粹机械联系形成对比。这种洞察力促使他创造了一个新术语(塑造),也直接导致他对言语行为的看法发生转变,从强调先行因素和分子层面的地形细节,转向强调后果以及更宏观、功能性的属性,在塑造过程中固有的社会二元组成为言语行为的决定性属性。此外,这种洞察力似乎使斯金纳有勇气去探索他的行为主义对更广泛的人类行为的更大影响,这一事业构成了他二战后大部分学术研究的特点。