Shoham David A, Vupputuri Suma, Kshirsagar Abhijit V
Department of Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Norh Carolina, Chapell Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2005 Jan;12(1):56-63. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2004.10.007.
Socioeconomic status (SES) may modify the effect of well-established risk factors on the development of kidney disease. Yet, recently, a paradigm shift has occurred with an emphasis on the direct effect of SES on the development of disease. This article covers the role SES may play in initiating and promoting chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the United States, with an emphasis on life-course SES. The literature on SES and kidney disease is discussed. Life-course and social epidemiology approaches are described. Salient risk factors and markers that are associated with both SES and kidney disease early in life include diet, birth weight, and infant mortality. Risk factors associated with individual SES later in life include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, diet, smoking, alcohol, drug use, occupational and environmental exposures, infection, and access to health care. An argument is made for incorporating area-level SES measures. Future research should incorporate both individual and area-level SES and be placed in the context of the life course.
社会经济地位（SES）可能会改变已确立的风险因素对肾脏疾病发展的影响。然而，最近发生了一种范式转变，重点转向了SES对疾病发展的直接影响。本文探讨了SES在美国慢性肾脏病（CKD）的发生和发展中可能起的作用，重点关注生命历程中的SES。文中讨论了关于SES与肾脏疾病的文献。描述了生命历程和社会流行病学方法。在生命早期与SES和肾脏疾病均相关的显著风险因素和标志物包括饮食、出生体重和婴儿死亡率。生命后期与个体SES相关的风险因素包括糖尿病、高血压、饮食、吸烟、饮酒、药物使用、职业和环境暴露、感染以及获得医疗保健的机会。文中提出了纳入地区层面SES测量指标的观点。未来的研究应纳入个体和地区层面的SES，并置于生命历程的背景下。
