Shirreffs S M, Aragon-Vargas L F, Chamorro M, Maughan R J, Serratosa L, Zachwieja J J
School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
Int J Sports Med. 2005 Mar;26(2):90-5. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-821112.
Sweat rate and sweat composition vary extensively between individuals, and quantification of these losses has a role to play in the individualisation of a hydration strategy to optimise training and competitive performance. Data were collected from 26 male professional football (soccer) players during one 90 min pre-season training session. This was the 2nd training session of the day, carried out between 19.30 and 21.00 h when the mean +/- SD environment was 32 +/- 3 degrees C, 20 +/- 5 %rh and WBGT 22 +/- 2 degrees C. Training consisted of interval running and 6-a-side games during which the average heart rate was 136 +/- 7 bpm with a maximum rate of 178 +/- 7 bpm (n = 19). Before and after training all players were weighed nude. During training all players had free access to sports drinks (Gatorade) and mineral water (Solan de Cabras). All drink bottles were weighed before and after training. Players were instructed to drink only from their own bottles and not to spit out any drink. No player urinated during the training session. Sweat was collected by patches from the chest, arm, back, and thigh of a subgroup of 7 players. These remained in place for the first 15 - 30 min of the training session, and sweat was analysed for sodium (Na (+)) and potassium (K (+)) concentration. Body mass loss was 1.23 +/- 0.50 kg (ranging from 0.50 to 2.55 kg), equivalent to dehydration of 1.59 +/- 0.61 % of pre-training body mass. The sweat volume lost was 2193 +/- 365 ml (1672 to 3138 ml), but only 972 +/- 335 ml (239 to 1724 ml) of fluid was consumed. 45 +/- 16 % of the sweat volume loss was replaced, but this ranged from 9 % to 73 %. The Na (+) concentration of the subgroup's sweat was 30.2 +/- 18.8 mmol/l (15.5 to 66.3 mmol/l) and Na (+) losses averaged 67 +/- 37 mmol (26 to 129 mmol). The K (+) concentration of the sweat was 3.58 +/- 0.56 mmol/l (2.96 to 4.50 mmol/l) and K (+) losses averaged 8 +/- 2 mmol (5 to 12 mmol). The drinking employed by these players meant that only 23 +/- 21 % of the sweat Na (+) losses were replaced: This ranged from replacing virtually none (when water was the only drink) to replacing 62 % when the sports drink was consumed. These elite soccer players did not drink sufficient volume to replace their sweat loss. This, however, is in accord with data in the literature from other levels of soccer players and athletes in other events. These measurements allow for an individualisation of the club's hydration strategy.
个体之间的出汗率和汗液成分差异很大，对这些流失量进行量化有助于制定个性化的补水策略，以优化训练和比赛表现。在一次90分钟的季前训练课中，收集了26名男性职业足球运动员的数据。这是当天的第二节训练课，于19:30至21:00进行，当时平均环境温度为32±3摄氏度，相对湿度为20±5%，湿球黑球温度为22±2摄氏度。训练包括间歇跑和六人制比赛，期间平均心率为136±7次/分钟，最高心率为178±7次/分钟（n = 19）。训练前后，所有运动员均裸体称重。训练期间，所有运动员可自由饮用运动饮料（佳得乐）和矿泉水（索兰·德卡布拉斯）。所有饮料瓶在训练前后均称重。运动员被要求只从自己的瓶子里喝水，不要吐出任何饮料。训练期间没有运动员排尿。从7名运动员的亚组中，通过贴片收集胸部、手臂、背部和大腿的汗液。这些贴片在训练的前15至30分钟内一直贴在身上，然后对汗液进行钠（Na(+)）和钾（K(+)）浓度分析。体重减轻了1.23±0.50千克（范围为0.50至2.55千克），相当于训练前体重脱水1.59±0.61%。汗液流失量为2193±365毫升（1672至3138毫升），但仅摄入了972±335毫升（239至1724毫升）的液体。补充了45±16%的汗液流失量，但范围为9%至73%。该亚组汗液的Na(+)浓度为30.2±18.8毫摩尔/升（15.5至66.3毫摩尔/升），Na(+)流失平均为67±37毫摩尔（26至129毫摩尔）。汗液的K(+)浓度为3.58±0.56毫摩尔/升（2.96至4.50毫摩尔/升），K(+)流失平均为8±
