Jo Wan-Kuen, Kwon Ki-Dong, Dong Jong-In, Chung Yong
Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
Sci Total Environ. 2005 Mar 1;339(1-3):143-52. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.07.026.
In Korea, data for multi-route trihalomethane (THM) exposure in households using municipal tap water treated with ozone-chlorine or chlorine are unavailable or very limited. Accordingly, the present study was designed to obtain those data by measurements of the THM concentrations in the tap water and indoor and outdoor air in the two types of households, along with an estimation of THM exposure from water ingestion, showering, and the inhalation of indoor air. Chloroform was the most abundant THM in all three media, yet no bromoform was detected in any sample. Similar to previous findings, the winter chloroform concentration in tap water treated with chlorine (22.1 microg/l, median) was significantly higher than that in the tap water treated with ozone-chlorine (16.8 microg/l, median). However, the summer water chloroform concentrations and summer and winter water concentrations of the other two THMs (bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane) exhibited no significant difference between the chlorine and ozone-chlorine-treated water. It was suggested that the effects of the water parameters including biochemical oxygen demand of raw water entering water treatment plants should be considered when evaluating the advantage of ozone-chlorine disinfection for THM formation over chlorine disinfection. The indoor air THM concentration trend was also consistent with the water concentration trend. The indoor to outdoor air concentration ratios were comparable with previous studies. The THM exposure estimates from water ingestion, showering, and the inhalation of apartment indoor air when not in the shower suggested that, for residents living in the surveyed households, their exposure to THMs in the home was mostly associated with their household water uses. The THM exposure estimates from tap water ingestion were similar to those from showering.
在韩国，关于使用经臭氧 - 氯或氯处理的市政自来水的家庭中多途径三卤甲烷（THM）暴露的数据不可得或非常有限。因此，本研究旨在通过测量这两种类型家庭的自来水、室内和室外空气中的THM浓度，并估计通过饮水、淋浴和吸入室内空气所接触的THM，来获取这些数据。氯仿是所有三种介质中含量最高的THM，但在任何样本中均未检测到溴仿。与先前的研究结果相似，用氯处理的自来水在冬季的氯仿浓度（中位数为22.1微克/升）显著高于用臭氧 - 氯处理的自来水（中位数为16.8微克/升）。然而，另外两种THM（溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷）在夏季的水中氯仿浓度以及夏季和冬季的水中浓度，在氯处理水和臭氧 - 氯处理水之间没有显著差异。研究表明，在评估臭氧 - 氯消毒相对于氯消毒在形成THM方面的优势时，应考虑包括进入水处理厂的原水生化需氧量在内的水参数的影响。室内空气中THM浓度趋势也与水中浓度趋势一致。室内与室外空气浓度比与先前的研究相当。通过饮水、淋浴以及在不淋浴时吸入公寓室内空气对THM暴露的估计表明，对于居住在所调查家庭中的居民而言，他们在家中接触THM主要与家庭用水有关。来自自来水摄入的THM暴露估计与来自淋浴的估计相似。
