Leland David S, Paulus Martin P
Laboratory of Biological Dynamics and Theoretical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-9116, USA.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005 Apr 4;78(1):83-90. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.001. Epub 2004 Nov 21.
Stimulant-using and stimulant-naive young adults performed the "risky gains" decision-making task [Paulus, M.P., Rogalsky, C., Simmons, A., Feinstein, J.S., Stein, M.B., 2003. Increased activation in the right insula during risk-taking decision making is related to harm avoidance and neuroticism. Neuroimage 19(4), 1439-1448]. On each trial, the numbers 20, 40, and 80 are presented individually in ascending order. Subjects press a button to receive the displayed number in points. The 20 is always associated with a gain of 20 points (safe response). There is a chance that waiting to select a 40 or 80 will result in punishment of 40 or 80 points, respectively (risky response). All subjects made fewer risky responses immediately following punished trials (p<.001). Stimulant-users made more risky responses than never-users overall (p<.02) but showed the same inhibition effect of punishment on next-trial risky responding. Risk-taking in the task correlated with measures of sensation-seeking and impulsivity, but not other personality measures, anxiety, or tendency toward alcohol use disorders. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that stimulant-users show increased risk-taking but are not less sensitive to punishments than controls. By requiring selection from a sequence of individual options presented according to a fixed schedule, rather than allowing deliberation between simultaneously available options, the risky gains task may model a different sort of risk-taking than other tasks.
使用兴奋剂的年轻成年人和从未使用过兴奋剂的年轻成年人完成了“风险收益”决策任务[保卢斯，M.P.，罗加尔斯基，C.，西蒙斯，A.，范斯坦，J.S.，斯坦，M.B.，2003年。冒险决策过程中右侧脑岛激活增加与避免伤害和神经质有关。《神经影像学》19(4)，1439 - 1448]。在每次试验中，数字20、40和80按升序依次单独呈现。受试者按下按钮以获得显示的点数。20总是与获得20分相关联（安全反应）。等待选择40或80分别有机会导致40分或80分的惩罚（冒险反应）。所有受试者在受罚试验后立即做出的冒险反应都更少（p <.001）。总体而言，使用兴奋剂者比从未使用者做出更多冒险反应（p <.02），但在惩罚对下一次试验冒险反应的抑制作用上表现相同。该任务中的冒险行为与寻求刺激和冲动性的测量指标相关，但与其他人格测量指标、焦虑或酒精使用障碍倾向无关。结果与以下假设一致：使用兴奋剂者表现出更高的冒险倾向，但对惩罚的敏感度并不低于对照组。通过要求从按固定顺序呈现的一系列单独选项中进行选择，而不是允许在同时可用的选项之间进行深思熟虑，风险收益任务可能模拟了一种与其他任务不同类型的冒险行为。
