Ek Helene, Dave Göran, Sturve Joachim, Almroth Bethanie Carney, Stephensen Eirikur, Förlin Lars, Birgersson Göran
Department of Applied Environmental Science, Göteborg University, Box 464, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
Aquat Toxicol. 2005 Apr 30;72(3):221-30. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.01.001.
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the major explosive in ammunition dumped into lakes and the sea after World War II. To identify useful biomarkers of TNT-exposure for forthcoming fish monitoring studies at ammunition dumping sites, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were intraperitoneal (i.p.) injected with TNT in peanut oil at doses of 0, 100, 200 or 400 mg TNT/kg body weight and sampled 72 h later. The study covered blood parameters, and hepatic antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. Fish treated with TNT had an increased glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, and a decreased percentage of oxidised glutathione (%GSSG) compared to the control group. In addition to increased methemoglobin, the increased glutathione and glutathione dependent enzyme activities indicate that TNT oxidises macromolecules and activates antioxidant defence systems which may be useful as general biomarkers of TNT-exposure. The fish bile was analysed for TNT and its metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the toxicity of the bile was determined with the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia. A dose-dependent increase in TNT, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) was found in the hydrolysed bile of the TNT-treated fish. These results indicate that the fish are able to detoxify and excrete TNT and suggest that the detection of TNT, 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT in bile may be suitable as a direct marker of exposure to TNT.
2,4,6-三硝基甲苯（TNT）是二战后倾倒在湖泊和海洋中的弹药中的主要炸药。为了确定在弹药倾倒场即将开展的鱼类监测研究中TNT暴露的有用生物标志物，将虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）腹腔注射花生油溶解的TNT，剂量分别为0、100、200或400毫克TNT/千克体重，并在72小时后取样。该研究涵盖了血液参数以及肝脏抗氧化和解毒酶。与对照组相比，用TNT处理的鱼谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）活性和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性增加，氧化型谷胱甘肽（%GSSG）百分比降低。除了高铁血红蛋白增加外，谷胱甘肽和谷胱甘肽依赖性酶活性的增加表明TNT氧化大分子并激活抗氧化防御系统，这可能作为TNT暴露的一般生物标志物。通过气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）分析鱼胆汁中的TNT及其代谢物，并用枝角类Ceriodaphnia dubia测定胆汁的毒性。在TNT处理的鱼的水解胆汁中发现TNT、2-氨基-4,6-二硝基甲苯（2-ADNT）和4-氨基-2,6-二硝基甲苯（4-ADNT）呈剂量依赖性增加。这些结果表明鱼能够解毒和排泄TNT，并表明胆汁中TNT、2-ADNT和4-ADNT的检测可能适合作为TNT暴露的直接标志物。
