Gatari Michael, Wagner Annemarie, Boman Johan
Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
Sci Total Environ. 2005 Apr 1;341(1-3):241-9. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.09.031.
Air pollution problems in major cities within the developing countries need to be studied. There are scanty measurements from the developing countries on airborne particles despite their adverse implications to human health, visibility and climate. One of the major sources of anthropogenic air pollution is energy production. Energy demand is bound to increase as population increases, especially in major cities of the world. Fine particles, particles with aerodynamic diameter < or = 2.5 microm, are mainly anthropogenic and these particles were collected in the capital cities of Vietnam and Kenya. A cyclone airborne particle collector was used to sample in Hanoi during the months of May to October 2000 and a dichotomous virtual impactor in Nairobi in February 2000. The samples were analysed for elemental content by an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer. S, Cl, K and Fe exceeded atmospheric concentrations of 100 ng m(-3) at both cities. Atmospheric elemental concentrations in both Hanoi and Nairobi were orders of magnitude higher than their respective rural towns. Traffic, biomass and waste burning emissions were implicated as the main sources of air pollution in Nairobi, while coal combustion and road transport were the major sources in Hanoi. Regional air pollution had a major impact over Hanoi, whereas an influence of that kind was not identified in Nairobi. Pb and other toxic elements had concentration levels below WHO guideline, however, the two cities are threatened by future high levels of air pollution due to the high rate of population growth. Long-term measurements are required in both areas to evaluate if the alarming situation is deteriorating.
发展中国家主要城市的空气污染问题需要进行研究。尽管空气中的颗粒物对人类健康、能见度和气候有不利影响，但来自发展中国家的相关测量数据却很少。人为空气污染的主要来源之一是能源生产。随着人口增加，能源需求必然会上升，尤其是在世界各大城市。细颗粒物，即空气动力学直径小于或等于2.5微米的颗粒物，主要是人为产生的，这些颗粒物是在越南和肯尼亚的首都采集的。2000年5月至10月期间，在河内使用旋风式空气颗粒物收集器进行采样，2000年2月在内罗毕使用二分法虚拟撞击器进行采样。通过能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪（EDXRF）对样品的元素含量进行分析。在这两个城市，硫、氯、钾和铁的含量均超过了大气浓度100纳克/立方米。河内和内罗毕的大气元素浓度比各自的乡村城镇高出几个数量级。交通、生物质和垃圾燃烧排放被认为是内罗毕空气污染的主要来源，而煤炭燃烧和道路交通则是河内的主要污染源。区域空气污染对河内有重大影响，而在内罗毕未发现此类影响。铅和其他有毒元素的浓度水平低于世界卫生组织的指导标准，然而，由于人口增长率高，这两个城市都面临着未来高水平空气污染的威胁。这两个地区都需要进行长期测量，以评估这种令人担忧的情况是否正在恶化。
