Cyrys J, Stölzel M, Heinrich J, Kreyling W G, Menzel N, Wittmaack K, Tuch T, Wichmann H-Erich
GSF, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Geb. 56, O-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 2003 Apr 15;305(1-3):143-56. doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00494-1.
We present the first results of a source apportionment for the urban aerosol in Erfurt, Germany, for the period 1995-1998. The analysis is based on data of particle number concentrations (0.01-2.5 microm; mean 1.8 x 10(4) cm(-3), continuous), the concentration of the ambient gases SO(2), NO, NO(2) and CO (continuous), particle mass less than 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) and less than 10 microm (PM(10)) (Harvard Impactor sampling, mean PM(2.5) 26.3 micro/m(3), mean PM(10) 38.2 microg/m(3)) and the size fractionated concentrations of 19 elements (impactor sampling 0.05-1.62 microm, PIXE analysis). We determined: (a) the correlations between (i) the 1- and 24-h average concentrations of the gaseous pollutants and the particle number as well as the particle mass concentration and (ii) between the 24-h elemental concentrations; (b) Crustal Enrichment Factors for the PIXE elements using Si as reference element; and (c) the diurnal pattern of the measured pollutants on weekdays and on weekends. The highly correlated PIXE elements Si, Al, Ti and Ca having low enrichment factors were identified as soil elements. The strong correlation of particle number concentrations with NO, which is considered to be typically emitted by traffic, and the striking similarity of their diurnal variation suggest that a sizable fraction of the particle number concentration is associated with emission from vehicles. Besides NO and particle number concentrations other pollutants such as NO(2), CO as well as the elements Zn and Cu were strongly correlated and appear to reflect motor vehicle traffic. Sulfur could be a tracer for coal combustion, however, it was not correlated with any of the quoted elements. Highly correlated elements V and Ni have similar enrichment factors and are considered as tracers for oil combustion.
我们展示了1995 - 1998年期间德国埃尔福特城市气溶胶源解析的首批结果。该分析基于以下数据：颗粒数浓度（0.01 - 2.5微米；平均1.8×10⁴厘米⁻³，连续监测）、环境气体二氧化硫、一氧化氮、二氧化氮和一氧化碳的浓度（连续监测）、小于2.5微米（PM₂.₅）和小于10微米（PM₁₀）的颗粒物质量（哈佛撞击器采样，平均PM₂.₅为26.3微克/立方米，平均PM₁₀为38.2微克/立方米）以及19种元素的粒径分级浓度（撞击器采样0.05 - 1.62微米，质子激发X射线发射分析）。我们确定了：（a）气态污染物1小时和24小时平均浓度与颗粒数以及颗粒物质量浓度之间的相关性，以及（b）24小时元素浓度之间的相关性；（c）工作日和周末所测污染物的日变化模式。利用硅作为参考元素，确定了质子激发X射线发射分析元素的地壳富集因子。具有低富集因子且高度相关的质子激发X射线发射分析元素硅、铝、钛和钙被确定为土壤元素。颗粒数浓度与一氧化氮（通常被认为是交通排放典型污染物）高度相关，且它们的日变化惊人相似，这表明相当一部分颗粒数浓度与车辆排放有关。除了一氧化氮和颗粒数浓度外，其他污染物如二氧化氮、一氧化碳以及元素锌和铜也高度相关，似乎反映了机动车交通情况。硫可能是煤炭燃烧的示踪物，然而，它与上述任何元素均无相关性。高度相关的元素钒和镍具有相似的富集因子，被认为是石油燃烧的示踪物。
