Staack Andrea, Hayward Simon W, Baskin Laurence S, Cunha Gerald R
Department of Urology, University Medical Center Charité, Humboldt University, Schumannstrasse 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
Differentiation. 2005 Apr;73(4):121-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2005.00014.x.
Urinary bladder malfunction and disorders are caused by congenital diseases, trauma, inflammation, radiation, and nerve injuries. Loss of normal bladder function results in urinary tract infection, incontinence, renal failure, and end-stage renal dysfunction. In severe cases, bladder augmentation is required using segments of the gastrointestinal tract. However, use of gastrointestinal mucosa can result in complications such as electrolyte imbalance, stone formation, urinary tract infection, mucous production, and malignancy. Recent tissue engineering techniques use acellular grafts, cultured cells combined with biodegradable scaffolds, and cell sheets. These techniques are not all currently applicable for human bladder reconstruction. However, new avenues for bladder reconstruction maybe facilitated by a better understanding of urogenital development, the cellular and molecular biology of urothelium, and cell-cell interactions, which modulate tissue repair, homeostasis, and disease progression.
膀胱功能障碍和疾病由先天性疾病、创伤、炎症、辐射和神经损伤引起。正常膀胱功能丧失会导致尿路感染、尿失禁、肾衰竭和终末期肾功能障碍。在严重情况下，需要使用胃肠道段进行膀胱扩大术。然而，使用胃肠道黏膜会导致诸如电解质失衡、结石形成、尿路感染、黏液产生和恶性肿瘤等并发症。最近的组织工程技术使用脱细胞移植物、与可生物降解支架结合的培养细胞和细胞片。这些技术目前并非都适用于人类膀胱重建。然而，对泌尿生殖系统发育、尿路上皮细胞和分子生物学以及调节组织修复、内环境稳定和疾病进展的细胞间相互作用的更好理解可能会为膀胱重建开辟新途径。
