Tebes Jacob Kraemer
Division of Prevention and Community Research and The Consultation Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
Am J Community Psychol. 2005 Jun;35(3-4):213-30. doi: 10.1007/s10464-005-3399-x.
Embedded in community science are implicit theories on the nature of reality (ontology), the justification of knowledge claims (epistemology), and how knowledge is constructed (methodology). These implicit theories influence the conceptualization and practice of research, and open up or constrain its possibilities. The purpose of this paper is to make some of these theories explicit, trace their intellectual history, and propose a shift in the way research in the social and behavioral sciences, and community science in particular, is conceptualized and practiced. After describing the influence and decline of logical empiricism, the underlying philosophical framework for science for the past century, I summarize contemporary views in the philosophy of science that are alternatives to logical empiricism. These include contextualism, normative naturalism, and scientific realism, and propose that a modified version of contextualism, known as perspectivism, affords the philosophical framework for an emerging community science. I then discuss the implications of perspectivism for community science in the form of four propositions to guide the practice of research.
社区科学中蕴含着关于现实本质（本体论）、知识主张的正当性（认识论）以及知识构建方式（方法论）的隐含理论。这些隐含理论影响着研究的概念化和实践，并开启或限制其可能性。本文的目的是使其中一些理论变得明确，追溯其思想史，并提议转变社会科学和行为科学，特别是社区科学中研究的概念化和实践方式。在描述了逻辑经验主义（过去一个世纪科学的基础哲学框架）的影响和衰落之后，我总结了科学哲学中作为逻辑经验主义替代方案的当代观点。这些观点包括情境主义、规范自然主义和科学实在论，并提议一种被称为视角主义的情境主义修正版本，为新兴的社区科学提供哲学框架。然后，我以四个命题的形式讨论视角主义对社区科学的影响，以指导研究实践。
