Newman J A, Beusenberg M C, Shewchenko N, Withnall C, Fournier E
Biokinetics and Associates Ltd., 2470 Don Reid Drive, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1H 1E1.
J Biomech. 2005 Jul;38(7):1469-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.06.025.
Concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury, occurs in many activities, mostly as a result of the head being accelerated. A comprehensive study has been conducted to understand better the mechanics of the impacts associated with concussion in American football. This study involves a sequence of techniques to analyse and reconstruct many different head impact scenarios. It is important to understand the validity and accuracy of these techniques in order to be able to use the results of the study to improve helmets and helmet standards. Two major categories of potential errors have been investigated. The first category concerns error sources specific to the use of crash test dummy instrumentation (accelerometers) and associated data processing techniques. These are relied upon to establish both linear and angular head acceleration responses. The second category concerns the use of broadcast video data and crash test dummy head-neck-torso systems. These are used to replicate the complex head impact scenarios of whole body collisions that occur on the football field between two living human beings. All acceleration measurement and processing techniques were based on well-established practices and standards. These proved to be reliable and reproducible. Potential errors in the linear accelerations due to electrical or mechanical noise did not exceed 2% for the three different noise sources investigated. Potential errors in the angular accelerations due to noise could be as high as 6.7%, due to error accumulation of multiple linear acceleration measurements. The potential error in the relative impact velocity between colliding heads could be as high as 11%, and was found to be the largest error source in the sequence of techniques to reconstruct the game impacts. Full-scale experiments with complete crash test dummies in staged head impacts showed maximum errors of 17% for resultant linear accelerations and 25% for resultant angular accelerations.
脑震荡，即轻度创伤性脑损伤，在许多活动中都会发生，主要是头部受到加速作用的结果。已经开展了一项全面研究，以更好地了解与美式橄榄球中脑震荡相关的撞击力学原理。这项研究涉及一系列技术，用于分析和重建许多不同的头部撞击场景。了解这些技术的有效性和准确性很重要，以便能够利用研究结果改进头盔和头盔标准。已对两类主要潜在误差进行了调查。第一类涉及与使用碰撞试验假人仪器（加速度计）及相关数据处理技术特定的误差源。这些被用来确定线性和角向头部加速度响应。第二类涉及使用广播视频数据和碰撞试验假人头-颈-躯干系统。这些用于重现足球场上两个活人之间全身碰撞时复杂的头部撞击场景。所有加速度测量和处理技术均基于成熟的做法和标准。这些被证明是可靠且可重复的。对于所研究的三种不同噪声源，由电气或机械噪声导致的线性加速度潜在误差不超过2%。由于多个线性加速度测量的误差累积，由噪声导致的角向加速度潜在误差可能高达6.7%。碰撞头部之间相对撞击速度的潜在误差可能高达11%，并且被发现是重建比赛撞击的一系列技术中最大的误差源。在分阶段头部撞击中使用完整碰撞试验假人的全尺寸实验表明，合成线性加速度的最大误差为17%，合成角向加速度的最大误差为25%。
