Zaki Mohammad Hasan, Akuta Teruo, Akaike Takaaki
Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.
J Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Jun;98(2):117-29. doi: 10.1254/jphs.crj05004x. Epub 2005 Jun 4.
The pathogenic mechanism of infections is a complicated but important scientific theme that is now attracting great attention because of its association with host-derived as well as microbial factors. Recent advances in free radical research revealed that reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxide species such as superoxide (O(2)(-)) and nitric oxide (NO) play a leading role in the pathogenesis of infections caused by viral pathogens including influenza virus and other RNA viruses. Although NO and O(2)(-) have antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and parasites, in some viral infections they have an opposite effect. This exacerbation caused by NO and O(2)(-) is mediated by reactive nitrogen oxides, for example, peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), generated by reaction of NO with O(2)(-). These nitrogen oxides have strong oxidation and nitration potential and can modify biological molecules, thereby creating oxidative and nitrative stress that contributes to pathogenic processes during viral infection. Nitrative stress-mediated 8-nitroguanosine formation during influenza or Sendai virus infection has been the focus of enormous interest because it involves unique biochemical and pharmacological properties such as redox activity and mutagenic potential. In this review, we discuss the nature and impact of nitrative stress in viral infection, with emphasis on nitrative stress-mediated viral pathogenesis, which we have recently been investigating.
感染的致病机制是一个复杂但重要的科学主题，由于其与宿主来源以及微生物因素的关联，目前正引起广泛关注。自由基研究的最新进展表明，活性氧和氮氧化物，如超氧阴离子（O(2)(-)）和一氧化氮（NO），在包括流感病毒和其他RNA病毒在内的病毒病原体引起的感染发病机制中起主导作用。虽然NO和O(2)(-)对细菌、真菌和寄生虫具有抗菌活性，但在某些病毒感染中它们却具有相反的作用。由NO和O(2)(-)引起的这种恶化是由活性氮氧化物介导的，例如，由NO与O(2)(-)反应生成的过氧亚硝酸盐（ONOO(-)）。这些氮氧化物具有很强的氧化和硝化潜力，能够修饰生物分子，从而产生氧化和硝化应激，这在病毒感染期间有助于致病过程。流感或仙台病毒感染期间由硝化应激介导的8-硝基鸟苷的形成一直是人们极大关注的焦点，因为它涉及独特的生化和药理特性，如氧化还原活性和诱变潜力。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了硝化应激在病毒感染中的性质和影响，重点是我们最近一直在研究的硝化应激介导的病毒发病机制。
