Conway Bevil R, Kitaoka Akiyoshi, Yazdanbakhsh Arash, Pack Christopher C, Livingstone Margaret S
Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
J Neurosci. 2005 Jun 8;25(23):5651-6. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1084-05.2005.
Most people see movement in Figure 1, although the image is static. Motion is seen from black --> blue --> white --> yellow --> black. Many hypotheses for the illusory motion have been proposed, although none have been tested physiologically. We found that the illusion works well even if it is achromatic: yellow is replaced with light gray, and blue is replaced with dark gray. We show that the critical feature for inducing illusory motion is the luminance relationship of the static elements. Illusory motion is seen from black --> dark gray --> white --> light gray --> black. In psychophysical experiments, we found that all four pairs of adjacent elements when presented alone each produced illusory motion consistent with the original illusion, a result not expected from any current models. We also show that direction-selective neurons in macaque visual cortex gave directional responses to the same static element pairs, also in a direction consistent with the illusory motion. This is the first demonstration of directional responses by single neurons to static displays and supports a model in which low-level, first-order motion detectors interpret contrast-dependent differences in response timing as motion. We demonstrate that this illusion is a static version of four-stroke apparent motion.
尽管图1中的图像是静态的，但大多数人都能看到其中有运动。运动呈现为从黑色→蓝色→白色→黄色→黑色。尽管尚未进行生理学测试，但已经提出了许多关于这种虚幻运动的假设。我们发现，即使该图像是消色差的，这种错觉仍然很明显：黄色被浅灰色取代，蓝色被深灰色取代。我们表明，诱发虚幻运动的关键特征是静态元素的亮度关系。虚幻运动呈现为从黑色→深灰色→白色→浅灰色→黑色。在心理物理学实验中，我们发现单独呈现时，所有四对相邻元素都会产生与原始错觉一致的虚幻运动，这一结果是任何当前模型都无法预测的。我们还表明，猕猴视觉皮层中的方向选择性神经元对相同的静态元素对给出了方向响应，其方向也与虚幻运动一致。这是首次证明单个神经元对静态显示给出方向响应，并支持一种模型，即低级的一阶运动探测器将响应时间上依赖对比度的差异解释为运动。我们证明这种错觉是四冲程表观运动的静态版本。
