Eisenberger R
Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark 19716.
Psychol Rev. 1992 Apr;99(2):248-67. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.99.2.248.
Extensive research with animals and humans indicates that rewarded effort contributes to durable individual differences in industriousness. It is proposed that reinforcement for increased physical or cognitive performance, or for the toleration of aversive stimulation, conditions rewards value to the sensation of high effort and thereby reduces effort's aversiveness. The conditioning of secondary reward value to the sensation of effort provides a dynamic mechanism by which reinforced high performance generalizes across behaviors. Applications to self-control, moral development, and education are described.
对动物和人类的大量研究表明，有回报的努力会导致个体在勤奋程度上产生持久的差异。有人提出，对身体或认知表现的提高给予强化，或者对厌恶刺激的耐受给予强化，会使奖励价值与高努力的感觉相关联，从而降低努力的厌恶感。将二级奖励价值与努力的感觉建立关联，提供了一种动态机制，通过这种机制，强化后的高表现会在各种行为中得到推广。文中还描述了其在自我控制、道德发展和教育方面的应用。
