Hentschel S, Kusch D, Sinell H J
Zentralbl Bakteriol B. 1979 Jun;168(5-6):546-61.
In a poultry processing plant in northern Germany 1412 swabs were taken from poultry carcasses together with 608 swabs from the personnel. The broilers came from 22 different chicken farms. The swabs taken from the poultry and those taken from the personnel proved to be 35% and 48% Staph. aureus positive respectively. The swabs taken from the feathers and from the skin were staphylococcal positive at a higher level (47%) than the swabs taken from the cloaca (19%) and the throat (23%). Between 8% and 63% of the animals from the various chicken farms were Staph. aureus positive. The frequency of staphylococcal contamination increased during the course of slaughter. 57% of the swabs taken from the gloves and the hands and 42% from the aprons of the personnel were Staph. aureus positive. Some biochemical properties, the phage patterns, and the antibiotic resistance against oleandomycin, erythromycin, bacitracin, streptomycin, tetracyclin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, virginiamycin and flavomycin were determined from 445 poultry and 345 personnel Staph. aureus isolates. Only small differences could be established between both sources in this way. Only 20% of the personnel and 34% of the chicken strains were resistant to antibiotics. In the strains collected from personnel, penicillin-resistance predominated while the poultry isolates showed predominantly tetracyclin-resistance. Of all antibiotics applied nutritively in the chicken fattening, there was a higher resistance only against oleandomycin (11% of the poultry strains). Between the chicken farms there was a different frequency of resistance (0--68%). The source of the staphylococci could be determined for only some of the strains. Only 2.5% of the chicken isolates showed characteristics described in the literature to be "poultry-specific", whereas 37% of the personnel and 24% of the poultry isolates were shown to be "human-specific" strains. It seems that the vast majority of the staphylococci originated from the slaughterhouse personnel. The rest of the strains differed in varying combinations of their properties from the given species characteristics. Although Staph. aureus was brought into the slaughterhouse by the poultry, the contaminations of the final product seemed to originate mainly from human beings.
在德国北部的一家家禽加工厂，从家禽屠体上采集了1412份拭子样本，同时从工作人员身上采集了608份拭子样本。这些肉鸡来自22个不同的养鸡场。从家禽身上采集的拭子和从工作人员身上采集的拭子中，金黄色葡萄球菌阳性率分别为35%和48%。从羽毛和皮肤上采集的拭子葡萄球菌阳性率（47%）高于从泄殖腔（19%）和咽喉（23%）采集的拭子。来自不同养鸡场的动物中，金黄色葡萄球菌阳性率在8%至63%之间。在屠宰过程中，葡萄球菌污染频率增加。从工作人员的手套和手上采集的拭子中，57%为金黄色葡萄球菌阳性，从围裙上采集的拭子中，42%为阳性。从445份家禽和345份工作人员的金黄色葡萄球菌分离株中，测定了一些生化特性、噬菌体分型以及对竹桃霉素、红霉素、杆菌肽、链霉素、四环素、青霉素、氯霉素、维吉尼亚霉素和黄霉素的抗生素耐药性。通过这种方式，在两种来源之间仅发现了微小差异。只有20%的工作人员和34%的鸡株对抗生素耐药。在从工作人员中分离出的菌株中，青霉素耐药性占主导，而家禽分离株主要表现为四环素耐药。在家禽育肥过程中营养性使用的所有抗生素中，仅对竹桃霉素的耐药性较高（家禽菌株的11%）。不同养鸡场之间的耐药频率不同（0 - 68%）。仅能确定部分菌株的葡萄球菌来源。只有2.5%的鸡分离株表现出文献中描述的“家禽特异性”特征，而37%的工作人员分离株和24%的家禽分离株被证明是“人类特异性”菌株。似乎绝大多数葡萄球菌源自屠宰场工作人员。其余菌株在其特性的不同组合上与给定的物种特征有所不同。尽管金黄色葡萄球菌是由家禽带入屠宰场的，但最终产品的污染似乎主要源自人类。
