Kawahara Junko, Horikoshi Ryoko, Yamaguchi Takashi, Kumagai Kazukiyo, Yanagisawa Yukio
Department of Environmental System Institute of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
Environ Int. 2005 Oct;31(8):1123-32. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2005.04.001.
Assessment of airborne organophosphorus pesticides in houses of young children (1-6 years old) and childcare facilities was conducted following pesticide applications in an agricultural community in Japan. Trichlorfon and fenitrothion, applied in two separate periods, were frequently detected from outdoor and indoor air. Dichlorvos, the primary degradation product of trichlorfon, was also detected after the application of trichlorfon. Both the outdoors and indoor concentration of applied pesticide were shown to increase with decreasing distance from the pesticide-applied farm. Indoor concentration of these pesticides significantly correlated with outdoor concentration (p=0.001 for trichlorfon and p=0.001 for fenitrothion), indicating infiltration of applied pesticide inside. Ratio of indoor to outdoor concentration (I/O ratio) of fenitrothion was higher for houses with windows open during the application than those with closed windows (median value: 0.74 vs. 0.16, p=0.003). However, a similar trend was not observed for trichlorfon as well as dichlorvos in the first period. Dichlorvos was found to have a higher I/O ratio than trichlorfon during the period, and clear correlation between indoor concentrations of dichlorvos and those of trichlorfon suggested increased decomposition of trichlorfon in the indoor environment. Daily inhalation exposure estimated by using the fixed measurement data and time-activity questionnaire ranged from 0 to 35 ng/kg/day for trichlorfon, from 0 to 26 ng/kg/day for dichlorvos, and from 0 to 44 ng/kg/day for fenitrothion. Median inhalation exposure from indoor air accounted for 74%, 86.3%, and 45% of the daily inhalation exposure, respectively. For kindergarteners or nursery school children, inhalation exposure at childcare facilities was comparable with or more than that at home, indicating that pollution level at childcare facilities had potential of high impact on children's exposure. Estimated daily inhalation exposures were inversely correlated to the proximity of their activity location to the pesticide-applied farm.
在日本一个农业社区进行农药喷洒后，对幼儿（1至6岁）家庭和儿童保育设施中的空气中有机磷农药进行了评估。在两个不同时期喷洒的敌百虫和杀螟硫磷，经常在室外和室内空气中被检测到。敌百虫的主要降解产物敌敌畏，在喷洒敌百虫后也被检测到。所喷洒农药的室外和室内浓度均显示，随着与喷洒农药农场距离的缩短而增加。这些农药的室内浓度与室外浓度显著相关（敌百虫p = 0.001，杀螟硫磷p = 0.001），表明所喷洒农药渗入了室内。喷洒杀螟硫磷期间，窗户打开的房屋中杀螟硫磷的室内与室外浓度比（I/O比）高于窗户关闭的房屋（中位数：0.74对0.16，p = 0.003）。然而，在第一个时期，敌百虫以及敌敌畏并未观察到类似趋势。在此期间，敌敌畏的I/O比比敌百虫高，敌敌畏室内浓度与敌百虫室内浓度之间存在明显相关性，这表明敌百虫在室内环境中分解增加。使用固定测量数据和时间活动问卷估计的每日吸入暴露量，敌百虫为0至35纳克/千克/天，敌敌畏为0至26纳克/千克/天，杀螟硫磷为0至44纳克/千克/天。室内空气中的吸入暴露中位数分别占每日吸入暴露量的74%、86.3%和45%。对于幼儿园儿童或托儿所儿童，儿童保育设施中的吸入暴露与家中相当或更高，这表明儿童保育设施的污染水平可能对儿童暴露产生重大影响。估计的每日吸入暴露量与其活动地点与喷洒农药农场的距离呈负相关。
