Weppner Sarah, Elgethun Kai, Lu Chensheng, Hebert Vince, Yost Michael G, Fenske Richard A
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, USA.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2006 Sep;16(5):387-96. doi: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500461. Epub 2005 Oct 12.
This study characterized exposures of eight children living in an agricultural community near potato fields that were treated by aerial application with the organophosphorus (OP) insecticide, methamidophos (O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate). Exposure monitoring included air and deposition samples in the outdoor community environment, outdoor and indoor air samples at each residence, wipe samples of playground equipment, toys, indoor surfaces, and children's hands, and periodic urine samples. Monitoring occurred prior to, the day of, and 1 day following applications. Methamidophos deposition in the community was very low compared to deposition inside the boundaries of the treated fields. Community air concentrations increased from 0.05 microg/m3 (prespray) to 0.11 and 0.48 microg/m3 (spray day morning and afternoon, respectively), decreasing to 0.10 microg/m3 on the postspray day. Air concentrations outside residences followed a similar pattern; indoor levels did not exceed 0.03 pg/m3. Methamidophos residues were found on playground equipment following applications, but not on indoor residential surfaces. The median hand wipe levels increased from < 0.02 (prespray) to 0.08 microg/sample (spray day), decreasing to 0.05 microg/sample (postspray day). Median concentrations of the primary methamidophos urinary metabolite were 61 microg/l before 1100 hours on the spray day, 170 microg/l after 1100 hours on the spray day, and 114 microg/l on the postspray day. Spray day metabolite levels were correlated with time outside on the spray day (rs = 0.68), with spray day hand wipe levels (rs = 0.67), and with postspray day metabolite levels (rs = 0.64). Postspray day metabolites levels were also positively associated with postspray day hand wipe levels (rs = 0.66). The documentation of children's exposure in this study does not necessarily mean that risks for these children were significantly altered, since nearly all children in the United States are exposed to some level of OP pesticides through dietary intake and other pathways. The association of metabolite levels with time spent outside, and the absence of methamidophos in homes indicates that children's exposures occurred primarily outdoors.
本研究对居住在靠近马铃薯田的农业社区的8名儿童的接触情况进行了特征描述，这些马铃薯田通过空中喷洒有机磷（OP）杀虫剂甲胺磷（O,S-二甲基磷酰胺硫代酸酯）进行处理。接触监测包括室外社区环境中的空气和沉降样品、每个住所的室外和室内空气样品、游乐场设备、玩具、室内表面和儿童手部的擦拭样品，以及定期尿液样品。监测在喷洒前、喷洒当天和喷洒后1天进行。与处理过的田地边界内的沉降相比，社区中甲胺磷的沉降非常低。社区空气浓度从0.05微克/立方米（喷洒前）增加到0.11和0.48微克/立方米（喷洒当天上午和下午），在喷洒后一天降至0.10微克/立方米。住所外的空气浓度遵循类似模式；室内水平未超过0.03皮克/立方米。喷洒后在游乐场设备上发现了甲胺磷残留，但在室内居住表面未发现。手部擦拭水平中位数从<0.02（喷洒前）增加到0.08微克/样品（喷洒当天），降至0.05微克/样品（喷洒后一天）。喷洒当天主要甲胺磷尿液代谢物的中位数浓度在1100小时前为61微克/升，喷洒当天1100小时后为170微克/升，喷洒后一天为114微克/升。喷洒当天的代谢物水平与喷洒当天在室外的时间（rs = 0.68）、喷洒当天的手部擦拭水平（rs = 0.67）以及喷洒后一天的代谢物水平（rs = 0.64）相关。喷洒后一天的代谢物水平也与喷洒后一天的手部擦拭水平呈正相关（rs = 0.66）。本研究中对儿童接触情况的记录并不一定意味着这些儿童面临的风险有显著改变，因为美国几乎所有儿童都通过饮食摄入和其他途径接触到一定水平的OP农药。代谢物水平与在室外花费的时间之间的关联，以及家中未检测到甲胺磷表明儿童的接触主要发生在室外。
