In vivo imaging of malaria parasites--recent advances and future directions.

A new view into the life of malaria parasites is now possible owing to recent advances in imaging techniques and to the generation of tagged parasites. Insights into how parasites interact with their insect vectors and mammalian hosts have been gained by the study of various parasitic forms in their natural environment. Quantitative analysis of Plasmodium ookinete motility has revealed different modes of motility in parasite invasion of the mosquito gut and the extrusion of invaded gut cells from the epithelium. Similar analysis with Plasmodium sporozoites has revealed the importance of parasite motility in transmission from the mosquito vector to the mammalian host.