Roudsari Bahman S, Mock Charles N, Kaufman Robert
Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Traffic Inj Prev. 2005 Jun;6(2):185-92. doi: 10.1080/15389580590931680.
To evaluate the effect of vehicle type (passenger vehicle vs. light truck vehicle) on crash trajectory and on the consequent source and severity of pedestrian injury, we analyzed data from the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS), conducted by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) from 1994 to 1998. While 62% of the adults in PV (passenger vehicle)-related crashes were carried by the vehicle, such pedestrian-vehicle interaction was observed only in 28% of LTV (light truck vehicle)-adult crashes. Being thrown forward or knocked down were the most common (65%) type of pedestrian-vehicle interactions for LTV-adult crashes. For children, 93% of those struck by LTVs and 46% of those struck by PVs were thrown forward or knocked down. For adults, LTVs were more likely than PVs to cause thorax (37% vs. 20%) and abdomen injuries (33% vs. 18%). For children, LTVs were more likely than PVs to cause injuries to the upper extremity (71% vs. 56%) and abdomen (14% vs. 8%). For adults struck by PVs the most common sources of injury were windshield for head injuries (63%), hood surface for thorax (67%), abdomen (58%), spine (30%), and upper extremity (36%) injuries, and bumper for the lower extremity injuries (60%). The leading causes of injury for adult-LTV crashes were ground for head (39%) and upper extremity (37%) injuries, hood edge for thorax (48%) and abdomen (56%) injuries, hood surface for spine injuries (36%), and bumper for lower extremity injuries (45%). For child-PV crashes, ground was the most common source of face (37%) abdomen (83%), spine (43%), and upper extremity injuries (54%). For children hit by LTVs, 52% of face, 67% of abdomen, 100% of spine, and 60% of upper extremity injuries were attributed to ground contacts. Altogether, the major sources of injury were hood surface and windshield for PV-pedestrian crashes and hood surface and hood edge for LTV-pedestrian crashes. Changes in design, such as altering the geometry and stiffness of front-end structures, might be associated with considerable decrease in the frequency and severity of pedestrian injury.
为评估车辆类型（乘用车与轻型卡车）对碰撞轨迹以及对随后行人受伤的来源和严重程度的影响，我们分析了美国国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）在1994年至1998年开展的行人碰撞数据研究（PCDS）中的数据。在与乘用车相关的碰撞事故中，62%的成年行人被车辆拖拽，而在轻型卡车与成年行人的碰撞事故中，这种行人与车辆的相互作用仅在28%的事故中被观察到。被向前抛出或撞倒，是轻型卡车与成年行人碰撞事故中最常见（65%）的行人与车辆相互作用类型。对于儿童而言，被轻型卡车撞击的儿童中有93%、被乘用车撞击的儿童中有46%被向前抛出或撞倒。对于成年人，轻型卡车比乘用车更有可能导致胸部受伤（37%对20%）和腹部受伤（33%对18%）。对于儿童，轻型卡车比乘用车更有可能导致上肢受伤（71%对56%）和腹部受伤（14%对8%）。对于被乘用车撞击的成年人，最常见的受伤来源是：头部受伤时为挡风玻璃（63%），胸部受伤时为发动机罩表面（67%）、腹部受伤时为发动机罩表面（58%）、脊柱受伤时为发动机罩表面（30%）以及上肢受伤时为发动机罩表面（36%），下肢受伤时为保险杠（60%）。成年行人与轻型卡车碰撞事故的主要致伤原因是：头部受伤时为地面（39%）和上肢受伤时为地面（37%），胸部受伤时为发动机罩边缘（48%）和腹部受伤时为发动机罩边缘（56%），脊柱受伤时为发动机罩表面（36%），下肢受伤时为保险杠（45%）。对于儿童与乘用车碰撞事故，地面是面部（37%）、腹部（83%）骨折、脊柱（43%）和上肢受伤（54%）最常见的受伤来源。对于被轻型卡车撞击的儿童，52%的面部受伤、67%的腹部受伤、100%的脊柱受伤和60%的上肢受伤归因于与地面接触。总体而言，乘用车与行人碰撞事故的主要受伤来源是发动机罩表面和挡风玻璃，轻型卡车与行人碰撞事故的主要受伤来源是发动机罩表面和发动机罩边缘。设计上的改变，如改变前端结构的几何形状和刚度，可能会使行人受伤的频率和严重程度大幅降低。
