Avantaggiato G, Solfrizzo M, Visconti A
Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.
Food Addit Contam. 2005 Apr;22(4):379-88. doi: 10.1080/02652030500058312.
The extensive use of adsorbents in the livestock industry has led to the introduction of a wide range of new products on the market, most of them claiming high in vitro mycotoxin adsorption capacity. However, adsorbents that may appear effective in vitro do not necessarily retain their efficacy when tested in vivo. Studies performed in our laboratory during the past few years aiming to evaluate the efficacy of various adsorbent materials in binding Fusarium mycotoxins are reported. Adsorption experiments were performed in in vitro screening tests for Fusarium mycotoxins at different pHs; by in vivo tests using the increase of the sphinganine to sphingosine ratio in rat urine and tissues as a biomarker of fumonisin exposure; and by a dynamic, computer-controlled, gastrointestinal model simulating the gastrointestinal tract of healthy pigs. Most of the commercially available mycotoxin-binders failed in sequestering in vitro Fusarium mycotoxins. Only for a small number of adsorbent materials was the ability to bind more than one mycotoxin demonstrated. Cholestyramine was proven to be an effective binder for fumonisins and zearalenone in vitro, which was confirmed for zearalenone in experiments using a dynamic gastrointestinal model and for fumonisins in in vivo experiments. No adsorbent materials, with the exception of activated carbon, showed relevant ability in binding deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. The in vitro efficacy of activated carbon toward fumonisins was not confirmed in vivo by the biomarker assay. The dynamic gastrointestinal model was a reliable tool to study the effectiveness of adsorbent materials in reducing the bioaccessibility of Fusarium mycotoxins, as an alternative to the more difficult and time-consuming studies with domestic livestock.
吸附剂在畜牧业中的广泛应用促使市场上推出了大量新产品，其中大多数宣称具有较高的体外霉菌毒素吸附能力。然而，在体外看似有效的吸附剂在体内测试时不一定能保持其功效。本文报道了我们实验室在过去几年中为评估各种吸附剂材料结合镰刀菌霉菌毒素的功效而进行的研究。在不同pH值下对镰刀菌霉菌毒素进行体外筛选试验；通过体内试验，以大鼠尿液和组织中鞘氨醇与鞘氨醇比值的增加作为伏马毒素暴露的生物标志物；并通过动态、计算机控制的胃肠道模型模拟健康猪的胃肠道。大多数市售的霉菌毒素结合剂在体外螯合镰刀菌霉菌毒素方面效果不佳。只有少数几种吸附剂材料表现出结合多种霉菌毒素的能力。消胆胺在体外被证明是伏马毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的有效结合剂，在使用动态胃肠道模型的实验中对玉米赤霉烯酮以及在体内实验中对伏马毒素的结合效果均得到了证实。除活性炭外，没有其他吸附剂材料在结合脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和雪腐镰刀菌烯醇方面表现出显著能力。生物标志物测定未在体内证实活性炭对伏马毒素的体外功效。动态胃肠道模型是研究吸附剂材料降低镰刀菌霉菌毒素生物可及性有效性的可靠工具，可替代对家畜进行的更困难、更耗时的研究。
