HIV and inflammation.

A main feature of HIV infection is the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines expressed as soluble factors or membrane-bound molecules regulate both HIV replication and T cell apoptosis. Proinflammatory cytokines have key roles in the HIV lifecycle, especially at the level of transcription, favouring the ability of HIV to establish latent reservoirs. In addition, proinflammatory cytokines are involved in both CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell apoptosis, resulting in immune suppression. Moreover, several HIV proteins such as Nef, Tat, and Vpr hijack proinflammatory cytokine signaling, further underlining the potential importance of inflammation in HIV pathogenesis. In vivo chronic inflammatory conditions have been correlated to increased levels of viremia and accelerated disease progression. This article raises the possibility that inflammation plays a crucial role in both immune suppression and the formation of viral reservoirs during HIV infection. Understanding the role of inflammation in HIV infection could lead to new therapeutic strategies that could ultimately enhance immune restoration and limit the formation of viral reservoirs in HIV-infected patients.