Rezaie Jafar, Aslan Cynthia, Ahmadi Mahdi, Zolbanin Naime Majidi, Kashanchi Fatah, Jafari Reza
Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran.
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Cell Biosci. 2021 Jan 15;11(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s13578-021-00537-0.
Eukaryotic cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediating intercellular communication. These vesicles encompass many bio-molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that are transported between cells and regulate pathophysiological actions in the recipient cell. Exosomes originate from multivesicular bodies inside cells and microvesicles shed from the plasma membrane and participate in various pathological conditions. Retroviruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus -type 1 (HIV-1) and Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 engage exosomes for spreading and infection. Exosomes from virus-infected cells transfer viral components such as miRNAs and proteins that promote infection and inflammation. Additionally, these exosomes deliver virus receptors to target cells that make them susceptible to virus entry. HIV-1 infected cells release exosomes that contribute to the pathogenesis including neurological disorders and malignancy. Exosomes can also potentially carry out as a modern approach for the development of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 vaccines. Furthermore, as exosomes are present in most biological fluids, they hold the supreme capacity for clinical usage in the early diagnosis and prognosis of viral infection and associated diseases. Our current knowledge of exosomes' role from virus-infected cells may provide an avenue for efficient retroviruses associated with disease prevention. However, the exact mechanism involved in retroviruses infection/ inflammation remains elusive and related exosomes research will shed light on the mechanisms of pathogenesis.
真核细胞产生介导细胞间通讯的细胞外囊泡（EVs）。这些囊泡包含许多生物分子，如蛋白质、核酸和脂质，它们在细胞间运输并调节受体细胞中的病理生理作用。外泌体起源于细胞内的多泡体和从质膜脱落的微泡，并参与各种病理状况。逆转录病毒，如1型人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV-1）和人类T细胞白血病病毒（HTLV-1）利用外泌体进行传播和感染。来自病毒感染细胞的外泌体转移病毒成分，如促进感染和炎症的miRNA和蛋白质。此外，这些外泌体将病毒受体传递给靶细胞，使其易受病毒进入。HIV-1感染的细胞释放外泌体，其有助于包括神经疾病和恶性肿瘤在内的发病机制。外泌体也有可能作为开发HIV-1和HTLV-1疫苗的一种现代方法。此外，由于外泌体存在于大多数生物体液中，它们在病毒感染及相关疾病的早期诊断和预后方面具有最高的临床应用潜力。我们目前对病毒感染细胞中外泌体作用的了解可能为与疾病预防相关的有效逆转录病毒提供一条途径。然而，逆转录病毒感染/炎症的确切机制仍然难以捉摸，相关的外泌体研究将阐明发病机制。
