Brouwer Derk H, Aitken Robert J, Oppl Reinhard, Cherrie John W
Food Chemical Risk Analysis, TNO Quality of Life, Zeist, The Netherlands.
J Occup Environ Hyg. 2005 Sep;2(9):425-34. doi: 10.1080/15459620500220453.
This article proposes a common language for better understanding processes involved in dermal exposure and skin protection. A conceptual model has been developed that systematically describes the transport of agent mass from sources, eventually resulting in "loading" of the skin surface or the skin contaminant layer. In view of a harmonized glossary of exposure terminology this is considered the exposure surface. Loading is defined as agent mass present in this layer divided by the exposure surface area. Skin protective equipment (SPE) is meant to reduce uptake, that is, an agent crosses the absorption barrier of the skin, by intervening in the processes of loading the exposure surface; however, the design of the equipment may fail to cover skin surface entirely. In addition, part of the mass intercepted by the SPE may reach the skin surface either by permeation, penetration, or by transfer when touching the contaminated exterior of the SPE. Evaluation of SPE performance has earlier focused on chemical resistance performance testing for permeation, penetration, or degradation of SPE-materials. In use-scenario practice, however, all processes will occur concurrently. Thus, SPE field performance evaluation including user-SPE interaction complementary to material testing is warranted. Results of laboratory testing for SPE-materials are reported as substance-specific breakthrough times and permeation rates. SPE field performance should be evaluated for reduction of either uptake or parameters that reflect the outcome of dermal exposure. Ideally, this should be based on the results of intervention-type workplace studies, for (e.g., assessment of exposure loading). The level of reduction can be expressed as a protection factor (ratio without/with SPE) for different parameters of dermal exposure or uptake. It is concluded that for evaluation of SPE-type performance, generic protection factors can be derived for substance-independent processes (e.g., reduction of exposure loading) but not for substance-specific reduction of uptake.
本文提出了一种通用语言，以便更好地理解皮肤暴露和皮肤保护所涉及的过程。已开发出一个概念模型，该模型系统地描述了物质质量从源头的传输，最终导致皮肤表面或皮肤污染物层的“负载”。鉴于暴露术语的统一词汇表，这被视为暴露表面。负载定义为该层中存在的物质质量除以暴露表面积。皮肤防护设备（SPE）旨在通过干预暴露表面的负载过程来减少摄取，即物质穿过皮肤的吸收屏障；然而，该设备的设计可能无法完全覆盖皮肤表面。此外，被SPE拦截的部分物质可能通过渗透、穿透或在接触SPE受污染的外部时转移而到达皮肤表面。早期对SPE性能的评估主要集中在对SPE材料的渗透、穿透或降解的耐化学性性能测试上。然而，在实际使用场景中，所有过程将同时发生。因此，有必要对SPE的现场性能进行评估，包括与材料测试互补的用户与SPE的相互作用。SPE材料的实验室测试结果报告为特定物质的突破时间和渗透率。应评估SPE的现场性能，以减少摄取或反映皮肤暴露结果的参数。理想情况下，这应基于干预型工作场所研究的结果，例如暴露负载评估。减少程度可以表示为针对皮肤暴露或摄取的不同参数的保护因子（无SPE/有SPE的比率）。得出的结论是，对于SPE类型性能的评估，可以得出针对与物质无关的过程（例如减少暴露负载）的通用保护因子，但不能得出针对特定物质摄取减少的通用保护因子。
