Harrier Laurie K, DeOrnellas Kathy
Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas 76204, USA.
Appl Neuropsychol. 2005;12(2):106-19. doi: 10.1207/s15324826an1202_6.
A sample of 177 children between the ages of 8 and 12 years, 93 participants diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 85 control participants, were administered selected tasks from the WJ-III Tests of Cognitive Abilities, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III), and WISC-III PI that targeted various reconstitution skills such as aspects of planning and reasoning. Planning from the WJ-III Cog, Wechsler Mazes from the WISC-III, and Elithorn Mazes from the WISC-III PI were used to measure the concept of planning Concept Formation and Analysis Synthesis from the WJ-III Cog were chosen to represent reconstitution. Results indicated that age and gender were not contributory factors to differences on the selected measures. IQ was found to be contributory and was used as a covariate in all analyses. The overall results of the study indicated a need to further divide the broad category of ADHD into its subtypes when analyzing performance on measures of executive functions, particularly reconstitution. A large effect size was found for Concept Formation and results of this study suggested that the Predominately Inattentive Type and Combined Type of ADHD had the most difficulty on this task, as shown by the significantly lower scores on the measure when compared to the control group and the Predominately Hyperactive-Impulsive Type. The Predominately Inattentive-Hyperactive Impulsive Type did not have any significant difficulties with any of the measures used on this task as evidenced by the small effect sizes. Further areas to investigate such as metacognitive strategies, distinct problem solving strategies, incorporating feedback, and utilizing response inhibition are discussed.
选取了177名8至12岁的儿童作为样本，其中93名参与者被诊断患有注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD），85名作为对照参与者，对他们进行了伍德科克-约翰逊认知能力测验第三版（WJ-III）、韦氏儿童智力量表第三版（WISC-III）以及韦氏儿童智力量表第三版加工整合版（WISC-III PI）中的特定任务，这些任务针对各种重构技能，如规划和推理方面。使用WJ-III认知测验中的规划任务、WISC-III中的韦氏迷宫以及WISC-III PI中的埃利索恩迷宫来测量规划概念；选择WJ-III认知测验中的概念形成与分析综合任务来代表重构。结果表明，年龄和性别并非所选测量指标差异的促成因素。发现智商是一个促成因素，并在所有分析中用作协变量。该研究的总体结果表明，在分析执行功能测量指标（尤其是重构）的表现时，有必要进一步将ADHD的宽泛类别细分为其亚型。在概念形成方面发现了较大的效应量，本研究结果表明，注意力不集中为主型和混合型ADHD在这项任务上困难最大，与对照组和多动冲动为主型相比，该测量指标上的得分显著更低。注意力不集中多动冲动为主型在这项任务中使用的任何测量指标上均未出现显著困难，效应量较小证明了这一点。还讨论了进一步需要研究的领域，如元认知策略、独特的问题解决策略、纳入反馈以及利用反应抑制。
