Miaskowski Christine
Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA.
J Perianesth Nurs. 2005 Aug;20(4):255-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2005.05.005.
Although numerous clinical practice guidelines for pain management have been published throughout the last 12 years, inadequate pain relief remains a significant health care issue. Several patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) modalities are currently available for the treatment of acute postoperative pain, including intravenous (IV) PCA, epidural (PCEA), and oral PCA. Although PCEA and IV PCA are both commonly used modalities, IV PCA is considered the standard of care for postoperative pain management. Limitations of this modality do exist, however. Consequently, noninvasive PCA systems are under development to circumvent many of these limitations, including the fentanyl hydrochloride patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS); (IONSYS Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Raritan, NJ) and a number of patient-controlled intranasal analgesia (PCINA) delivery systems. The objective of this article is to review the PCA modalities currently in use and to discuss those in development for the treatment of acute postoperative pain.
尽管在过去12年里已经发布了众多疼痛管理的临床实践指南，但疼痛缓解不足仍然是一个重大的医疗保健问题。目前有几种患者自控镇痛（PCA）方式可用于治疗急性术后疼痛，包括静脉（IV）PCA、硬膜外（PCEA）和口服PCA。虽然PCEA和IV PCA都是常用方式，但IV PCA被认为是术后疼痛管理的护理标准。然而，这种方式确实存在局限性。因此，正在开发非侵入性PCA系统以规避其中许多局限性，包括盐酸芬太尼患者自控透皮系统（PCTS）；（IONSYS Ortho-McNeil制药公司，拉里坦，新泽西州）以及一些患者自控鼻内镇痛（PCINA）给药系统。本文的目的是回顾目前使用的PCA方式，并讨论正在开发的用于治疗急性术后疼痛的方式。
