Alebiosu C O, Ayodele O E
Department of Medicine, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Ethn Dis. 2005 Summer;15(3):418-23.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide at an annual growth rate of 8%. Regional differences exist in the epidemiology of the condition, and non-Whites are more affected.
An English-language literature search using Medline (January 1984-October 2003) was done to assess research/review articles on burden and prevention of CKD. Particular attention was paid to epidemiology and prevention of chronic kidney diseases.
The prevalence of CKD is higher in developing countries than in the developed world. The most common causes of CKD in the developing countries are chronic glomerulonephritis and systemic hypertension, diabetic nephropathy being the most common cause in Europe, the United States, and Japan. Factors contributing to the regional differences in the etiology and prevalence of CKD are race and ethnicity, genetic predisposition, increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, mortality caused by other disease, obesity, and possibly cigarette smoking. The control of hypertension, dyslipidemia, proteinuria, obesity, avoidance of low birth weight, smoking, and preventing ingesting of heavy metals such as lead are intervention strategies that retard or prevent progression of renal diseases. The magnitude of the existing burden of illness caused by renal failure, the projections for increasing incidence of CKD, and the limitations of our existing treatments for renal insufficiency all point to the need for clinical and population-based interventions aimed at prevention of CKD.
A comprehensive health education campaign and screening of the general populace are needed in order to detect chronic kidney disease early. These measures will ensure appropriate and timely institution of proven measures to halt or reduce progression of CKD.
慢性肾脏病（CKD）在全球范围内正以每年8%的增长率上升。该疾病的流行病学存在地区差异，非白种人受影响更大。
利用Medline（1984年1月至2003年10月）进行英文文献检索，以评估关于CKD负担及预防的研究/综述文章。特别关注慢性肾脏病的流行病学和预防。
发展中国家CKD的患病率高于发达国家。发展中国家CKD最常见的病因是慢性肾小球肾炎和系统性高血压，而在欧洲、美国和日本，糖尿病肾病是最常见的病因。导致CKD病因和患病率存在地区差异的因素包括种族和民族、遗传易感性、2型糖尿病患病率上升、其他疾病导致的死亡率、肥胖，以及可能的吸烟。控制高血压、血脂异常、蛋白尿、肥胖，避免低出生体重、吸烟，以及防止摄入铅等重金属是延缓或预防肾脏疾病进展的干预策略。肾衰竭导致的现有疾病负担程度、CKD发病率上升的预测，以及我们现有肾功能不全治疗方法的局限性，都表明需要开展以临床和人群为基础的干预措施来预防CKD。
需要开展全面的健康教育活动并对普通民众进行筛查，以便早期发现慢性肾脏病。这些措施将确保适时采取经证实的措施来阻止或减缓CKD的进展。
